Technological Change and Globalization

Discuss About The Addressing Emerging In Global Environment.

Globalization is the process through which the businesses or the other firms start operating a business on an international scale. In simple words, it can be said that globalization is the process of the integration and interaction between the companies, people and the government of the different nations (Beck, 2018). The rise in the economic integration and interdependence of the national, local and regional economies around the world through an intensification of the cross-border movement of the technology, goods, services, and capital refers to as the globalization of the world economy.

Globalization of the world economy has contributed effectively in enhancing the living standards of the people considering the case study. The globalization brings the opportunities for trade in the countries across the boarders due to which they likely to grow faster and the economy of the increase. This faster growth and rise in the economy leads to the rise in the living standard of the countries (Wright, 2016). Though, this is the fact that there are numerous factors that contributed to the rapid globalization of the world economy in the past few years. Some of these factors are discussed below: –

Technological change: – The rapid change in the technology of some countries has reduced the cost of the transmitting and communication information which motivates them to share the information across the world. For instance; Internet, through which the business and companies started developing the website. Moreover, the other changes with the help of the technology lead to sharing of information which makes the company operate the business internationally (Narula, 2014). The rise in the exchange of the information in the countries leads to the development of the economy as the countries started making use of the technology. This reflects the contributed of the technology to rapid globalization in the world economy.

Containerisation: – This is one of the reason due to which there was rapid globalization took place around the world. The cost of the ocean shipping reduced due to the containerization and bulk shipping. The decreased in the prices of the shipping the products across the world helps to bring the prices of export equal to the manufacturing cost of that particular country which makes the markets more contestable globally (Ducruet, 2016). This is the fact that due to containerization there was a rapid adoption of the steel transport containers which made the trade cheaper and more efficient for trading across the world.

Containerization and Globalization

The difference in the tax systems: – The government of the different countries motivated and encourage the activity of the globalization with the motive to increase the FDI and improvement in the economy of the country along with the development in the nation. The want of the business to the advantage from the lower unit labor cost along with the other favorable production of a factor has motivated the countries to adjust their tax system to grab the attention of the foreign direct investment (FDI) (Ndikumana, 2015). Moreover, there were many countries who were engaged in tax competition with each other in a bid to win profitable overseas investment projects.

Growth strategies of multinational and transnational companies: – In the last few years, both multinational and transnational companies have implemented the growth strategy so that they can generate the maximum revenue. To achieve the maximum revenue they have decided to increase their global business presence. Therefore, these brands have started investing their amount in expanding the business. The companies were also willing to prove themselves that they are able to achieve the growth not only in the home country market but also in the global market (Cavusgil, et.al, 2014). This leads to the rise in the globalization rapidly across the world that ultimately leads to the development of global economy.

The above are some of the major factors due to which there was the rapid globalization of the world economy took place in the past few years. All these factors have indirectly contributed to increase the wealth of the country and in increasing the living standard of the people across the world. Though, this is also the fact that these factors have generated some of the issues which are now faced by the people in the developed countries. On the other side, this is also fact that globalization has brought many advantages to the countries.

Question2. Do you support the idea of globalization the Australian economy? Why and Why not? In writing your answer, wherever possible, back up your arguments with the theory, research articles or statistical evidence.

Yes, I support the idea of globalization of the Australian economy because the relaxation and the opportunity of free trade have brought the success for the country. Globalization has provided the opportunity to the multinational companies in Australia to expand their business in the cross-border market. Moreover, this is effective way through which companies of Australia can encounter the needs of the people belongs to the other countries in the world. This will make the Australia economy more advanced than the most of its neighbors which contribute to increase the livings standard of the people in the country. This is the fact the Australian forms can better fulfill the requirement of the western countries (Henry, 2016). For instance; Australian firms are primary exporters of healthcare services to the Asia-Pacific region. This defines that the country is performing international trade with other countries (Stromquist & Monkman, 2014).

Tax Systems and Globalization

Moreover, the Australia country is an abundance of the natural resources that the whole population of the country cannot make use of those resources. This means that there are extra or surplus resources that are available to them. Therefore, the country deals with the other countries who demand the natural resources. This trading reflects one of the theories of international trade that is a Ricardian theory. David Ricardo developed the theory based on comparative advantage and specialization. The main focus is on a comparative theory which occurs due to the excess of natural resources in Australia (Levchenko & Zhang, 2016).

In addition, the government of Australia never fallen into the burden of debt like other countries. There are many countries who suffered the burden of Debt because of a bad investment. This reflects that economy of Australia is strong and has strengthened during the time of globalization (Lasserre, 2017). This strengthens the economy of the country was possible because of the international trade is done by the companies situated in Australia. These companies brought the development in terms of technology, resources, advancement, employment and many others (Adres, Vashdi & Zalmanovitch, 2016). Overall, with the help of the globalization, Australia is able to strengthen their economy; they were able to form good terms with the international countries which through trade, improvement in the living standard along with the development of the nation, and globalization is helping the country to make a unique position across the world.

This is the fact that globalization in Australia has also created the negative impact on the country. The emergence of globalization generated the advance communication opportunities due to which the companies situated in Australia started hiring the people from the overseas market at low cost which leads to the unemployment in Australia. According to the case study, the increased globalization and outsourcing has undermined the survival of the manufacturing industry like motor vehicle industry. The wiping out of the industry will affect the job of the people in the country along with welfare of millions of people in the country in the year 2018. While considering the negative impact of globalization one can’t avoid the positive outcomes of the globalization.

The loss in the job is one of the problems which were also faced by the American a year ago. They took the step to resolve the problems that are associated with the loss in jobs of the people who are staying in the US because of increase in the overseas workers. US confessed that thousands of people from India visit the US on special visas for the skilled professionals considering the fact that there were present of the vast opportunity for professionals in the field of tech sector. To resolve the problem the US government prevent the US companies for going overseas for the employees and introduced the visa program with the name of H-1B which brings up to 85,000 foreign professionals to the US annually for 3-year stays (Bengali & Parth, 2017). According to this, program the US has shared the preference to the Americans first instead of the Indian workers.

Multinational and Transnational Companies and Globalization

Similarly, Australia needs to take some of the actions with the help of which they can reduce the number of overseas employees or another way is that they can increase the job opportunities in the country for Australians. This helps the company is facing the problem that will arise because of the globalization of the country.

Question3. Discuss who has gained and lost from globalization in Australia and in your own country with respect to a particular industry. Back up your answer with the evidence, wherever possible

The globalization in Australia has brought both gain and loss not only in Australia but also in other countries across the world. The biggest advantage which is gained by the country is in terms of the economy. According to the case study, the particular industry that has been discussed is manufacturing industry which includes the automobile industry. Export is continuously increasing for a long time back in these industries which have contributed in adding to the welfare of the country and their citizen (Turner & Holton, 2015). Moreover, there is a rise in the living standard of the people because of the improvement in the economy of the country. The international trade done by the companies in Australia brought the rise in the economy as well as the development of a nation is possible because of this industry. The nation’s development brings the rise in the living standard of the people. Therefore, this clearly reflects that the Australian citizens and government has gained the maximum benefit because of the international trading by these industries.

On the other hand, the automotive industry including the automobile industry of Australia is affected due to globalization. The globalization in the country leads to the several factors due to which the companies started hiring the people from the overseas market at low price. This results in the loss of jobs of the Australian people and loss in the welfare of the millions of people in the country in 2018. Therefore, it reflects the loss for Australia but gains for the countries from where the Australian companies are hiring the employees such as India, China, and many others. The people of another country will get the benefit and this also leads to the rise in their economy and enhance the welfare. The automotive industries in Australia are employing the employees from the overseas markets because they are not able to earn the profit due to which they started hiring the labor at low cost (Manyika, et.al, 2017). In addition, the globalization has made the labor skilled and effective due to which they preferred hiring them because will save the cost of training provided by the company.

Positive and negative impacts of Globalization on Australia’s Economy

Moreover, according to the analysis the successive Australian government have embraced the globalization and abandoned the discredited import substitution model related to the economic development. This affected the producer of automobile and they decided to stop the production because without the imports they won’t be able to produce the products in the country. If any of the company tries to manufacture the products then they will spend four times the cost of Asian levels and double those of Europe ((Wood, 2014).

This has created the impact as the production will stop and the industry will wipe out. The people who will be willing to buy automobile they need to get it imported from the other countries. Moreover, this will also affect the economy of the country. It is suggested to the government of Australia to manage their import restriction which they have imposed on the industry.

Considering the analysis, it can be said that vehicle manufacturing companies of Australia have left a negative impact on the economy of Australia. The businesses of the automobile are not able to achieve desire profit because of rise in the cost of the business processes and business operations. For instance; Ford Company has decided to close their two plans in Australia. At that time, the government of Australia offered a financial help to the company so that they can retain in the market and will not create any impact on the economy of the country (Wood, 2014). The same step is taken by most of the vehicle manufacturing companies in Australia. The closure of the business will affect the jobs in the market of Australia as a maximum number of people will get unemployed.

References

Adres, E., Vashdi, D. R., & Zalmanovitch, Y. (2016). Globalization and the retreat of citizen participation in collective action: A challenge for public administration. Public Administration Review, 76(1), 142-152.

Beck, U. (2018) What is globalization?. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Bengali, S. & Parth, M.N. (2017). What Trump’s push to limit overseas workers means for India’s army of high-tech migrant labor. Retrieved from: https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-india-trump-visas-2017-story.html

Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., & Rose, E. L. (2014). International business. Australia: Pearson.

Ducruet, C. (2016). Port regions and globalization. In Ports in Proximity. New York: Routledge.

Henry, D.K. (2016). Australia and Globalisation. Retrieved from: https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/ken-henry-australia-and-globalisation/

Lasserre, P. (2017). Global strategic management. UK: Palgrave.

Levchenko, A. A., & Zhang, J. (2016). The evolution of comparative advantage: Measurement and welfare implications. Journal of Monetary Economics, 78, 96-111.

Manyika, J., Lund, S., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Woetzel, J., Batra, P., Ko, R. and Sanghvi, S. (2017) Jobs lost, jobs gained: Workforce transitions in a time of automation. McKinsey Global Institute.

Narula, R. (2014). Globalization and technology: Interdependence, innovation systems, and industrial policy. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Ndikumana, L. (2015). International Tax Cooperation and Implications of Globalization. Global Governance and Rules for the Post2015 Era: Addressing Emerging Issues in the Global Environment.—Bloomsbury Academic, 73-106.

Stromquist, N. P., & Monkman, K. (Eds.). (2014). Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures. US: R&L Education.

Turner, B. S., & Holton, R. J. (Eds.). (2015). The Routledge international handbook of globalization studies. New York: Routledge.

Wood, B. (2014). How globalization destroyed Australia’s auto industry. Retrieved from: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-globalization-destroyed-australias-auto-industry-2014-12-16

Wright, S. (2016). Language policy and language planning: From nationalism to globalization. US: Springer.