Description
1
Assignment One: Communication Models and Professional Communications
Student’s Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
Date
2
Communication Models and Professional Communications
Introduction
Communication primarily plays a significant role in helping people make ethical
decisions in research. By maintaining effective communication, then one can avoid
misinformation. Additionally, communication in research can serve as the most appropriate way
of connecting with the public. Some researchers may also communicate their findings and
thoughts with the audience. However, it is also important to understand that communication in
research is not only associated with sharing the findings but can also help engage the audience.
Therefore, as part of determining the importance of communication in research, it is also
important to evaluate the various models of communication and the different negotiation tactics
which can be used in communication.
Models of Communication
Linear/Transmission Model of Communication
The linear model of communication primarily explains one-way communication, which
generally includes the sender transmitting a message while the receiver, on the other hand,
absorbs such a message. Therefore, the linear communication model is mostly used among
businesses during customer communication-driven activities, including marketing activities.
Some of the most significant factors contributing to the linear communication model include the
channel, sender, and receiver (Van Ruler, 2018). The channel generally acts as the medium to
change the message transmitted into tangible form. The message is then transmitted to the
receiver in that new form, who is responsible for decoding the message.
3
Although the linear communication model is one of the most effective, it is also
important to understand that various factors may affect this process. One such factor includes
channel choice, which may significantly affect how the receiver interprets the message.
Additionally, noise is another key factor that may affect how the message is received. Sometimes
the noise could be psychological noise, which is generally considered as the receiver’s
psychological state, which might affect how they interpret the message.
The receiver can benefit from the linear model of communication in various ways. One of
such ways includes how it is associated with minimal miscommunication. It is important to
understand that the linear communication model is clear and easy to understand. Therefore, that
limits the possibilities of miscommunication, providing the sender with an opportunity to pass
their message easily. Additionally, the linear communication model is associated with limited
edits, giving the sender an opportunity to provide similar information to different people (Fan et
al., 2021). The linear communication model can also be transmitted easily, which is beneficial
whenever the sender tries to communicate the same message to a large audience simultaneously.
Interactive Model of Communication
The interactive communication model primarily includes the actual process of
communicating a message where the sender and receiver participate in sending messages back
and forth. That forms the cyclical process, which includes sending messages to the receiver, and
the feedback is based on the receiver’s reactions. A key example of an interactive communication
model is the basic telephone conversation, which includes sending and receiving messages based
on the reactions originating from the previous messages (Chandra et al., 2021). The interactive
communication model is generally associated with the fields of experience from both the sender
4
and receiver of the message, where their knowledge and values significantly impact the
message’s meaning.
One of the most significant benefits of the interactive communication model includes
providing the communicating parties with an opportunity to share their genuine opinions. The
interactive communication model still provides the communicating parties with an opportunity to
incorporate different environmental factors in the interpretation of a message, hence establishing
different changes in the value of a message. Additionally, one can understand the various
communication methods, unlike the traditional communication mechanisms. The interactive
communication model is also considered dynamic and can be utilized in different communication
practices (Wang, 2021). This communication model is also associated with a semantic disorder,
which plays a significant role in understanding the various challenges associated with
interpreting messages.
Transactional Model of Communication
The transactional communication model differs from the other communication models in
various ways, including how the communication process is generally conceptualized, the roles of
both the sender and receiver of the message, and their contextual roles. The transactional
communication model then illustrates communication as the process of generating social realities
mainly by the communicators based on different contexts, including social, relational, and
cultural (Ahn et al., 2021). Therefore, the transactional communication model plays a significant
role in creating relationships, establishing intercultural alliances among the various parties
involved in the communication process, and providing one with the ability to engage in
dialogues with others as part of establishing communities.
5
The transactional communication model has existed for a while and is associated with
various benefits. One of the key benefits includes how the model involves face-to-face
conversations hence providing one with the opportunity of reading the nonverbal cues of others.
The ability to read body language plays a significant role in improving communication.
Additionally, being able to read the body language of others provides one with the ability to
understand what others could be thinking (Sulaiman et al., 2019). The transactional
communication model is also beneficial as it promotes personalization of how people are
expected to interact with each other. Therefore, one can make new friends and network, which
consequently helps in a growing business.
Negotiation Tactics in Communication
Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)
BATNA generally emphasizes the actions one takes when negotiation fails or when two
different parties cannot reach a common solution. Therefore, different parties can use BATNA in
different situations requiring negotiations (McKibben & Skoll, 2021). BATNA plays a
significant role during negotiations as one can only make decisions if one can understand the
existing alternatives. The negotiating parties are then advised to consider all existing alternatives
in case they engage in any form of negotiation. Also, BATNA provides the parties with an
opportunity to evaluate the existing alternatives depending on the value they tend to receive from
each (McKibben, 2020). That allows everyone to select the alternatives with the highest value.
In case one is provided with low-value alternatives, BATNA then plays a critical role in
providing one with the opportunity to reject an offer. However, if the alternatives have high
value, then BATNA allows one to accept the offer. A strong BATNA still ensures one can
6
determine the best alternatives, avoiding any tempting offers. It is important to understand that
those negotiations are used to establish the best alternatives and help understand how such
negotiation tactics can be improved, hence solving disputes among various parties (Kiss & Ruël,
2022). The ability to understand negotiation can also play a critical role in evaluating a specific
party’s personal strengths and weaknesses, hence being able to understand the various
alternatives that can be included in a negotiation.
Worst Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (WATNA)
WATNA is primarily the worst result a party can achieve during any negotiation.
WATNA provides the parties involved in a negotiation with the ability to understand the existing
alternatives one can use in comparing with their respective opinions (Davidson, 2020). The
parties involved in a negotiation can make more informed decisions through that process. In case
of higher levels of uncertainties during a negotiation, WATNA plays a critical role in cutting
losses during a negotiation (Devinatz, 2018). However, it is also important to understand that
WATNA can also be used to give purpose to the negotiating parties.
WATNA allows the negotiating parties to explore other interests and knowledge choices.
When it comes to determining other interests, WATNA allows the negotiating parties to evaluate
other interests. Therefore, the parties gain the ability to understand the needs of each other or the
options that should be provided for the other parties to continue with the negotiation process
(Cohen et al., 2022). On the other hand, knowledge choices promoted through WATNA provide
the negotiating parties with the ability to understand whether they made informed decisions and
what could have happened if they failed to get to an agreement.
Conclusion
7
As a communicator, this assignment allows one to understand the various models of
communication and the different negotiation tactics that can be used in communication. The
linear communication model helps understand how information can be transmitted easily, which
is beneficial whenever the sender tries to communicate the same message to a large audience
simultaneously. The transactional communication model is important since it plays a critical role
in promoting the personalization of how people are expected to interact with each other. BATNA
allows communicators to evaluate the existing alternatives based on their value. As a
communicator, WATNA allows the negotiating parties to understand whether they made
informed decisions.
8
References
Ahn, J. W., Jang, H. Y., & Son, Y. J. (2021). Critical care nurses’ communication challenges
during handovers: A systematic review and qualitative meta‐synthesis. Journal of
Nursing Management, 29(4), 623-634.
Chandra, S., Patil, K. K., & Talanki, S. (2021). Evolutionary cross-layer interactive model for
sensor communication. International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms, 19(34), 328-341.
Cohen, S., Brady, G. L., Massaro, S., & van Kleef, G. A. (2022). Meh, whatever: The effects of
indifference expressions on cooperation in social conflict. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology.
Davidson, I. (2020). The art of advocacy in mediation. Bar News: The Journal of the NSW Bar
Association, (Mar 2020), 34-39.
Devinatz, V. G. (2018). What makes a good mediator? Insights from a mediation training
program participant. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 30(3), 181-201.
Fan, J., Guo, Y., & Wang, K. (2021). Communication-efficient accurate statistical estimation.
Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1-11.
Kiss, R., & Ruël, H. J. (2022). International negotiations in a hybrid diplomatic arena: new
actors, new tools-a practitioners’ contribution. International Journal of Diplomacy and
Economy, 8(1), 97-107.
McKibben, H. E. (2020). What do I get? How do states’ negotiation alternatives influence the
concessions they receive in multilateral negotiations?. European Journal of International
Relations, 26(3), 896-921.
9
McKibben, H. E., & Skoll, A. (2021). Please Help Us (or Don’t): External Interventions and
Negotiated Settlements in Civil Conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65(2-3), 480505.
Sulaiman, S., Hussin, S., & Amir, Z. (2019). A conceptual model of communication process
employed in academic online written interaction. Journal of Education and Social
Science.
Van Ruler, B. (2018). Communication theory: An underrated pillar on which strategic
communication rests. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 12(4), 367-381.
Wang, C. L. (2021). New frontiers and future directions in interactive marketing: inaugural
Editorial. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 15(1), 1-9.
1
Assignment One: Communication Models and Professional Communications
Student’s Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
Date
2
Communication Models and Professional Communications
Introduction
Communication primarily plays a significant role in helping people make ethical
decisions in research. By maintaining effective communication, then one can avoid
misinformation. Additionally, communication in research can serve as the most appropriate way
of connecting with the public. Some researchers may also communicate their findings and
thoughts with the audience. However, it is also important to understand that communication in
research is not only associated with sharing the findings but can also help engage the audience.
Therefore, as part of determining the importance of communication in research, it is also
important to evaluate the various models of communication and the different negotiation tactics
which can be used in communication.
Models of Communication
Linear/Transmission Model of Communication
The linear model of communication primarily explains one-way communication, which
generally includes the sender transmitting a message while the receiver, on the other hand,
absorbs such a message. Therefore, the linear communication model is mostly used among
businesses during customer communication-driven activities, including marketing activities.
Some of the most significant factors contributing to the linear communication model include the
channel, sender, and receiver (Van Ruler, 2018). The channel generally acts as the medium to
change the message transmitted into tangible form. The message is then transmitted to the
receiver in that new form, who is responsible for decoding the message.
3
Although the linear communication model is one of the most effective, it is also
important to understand that various factors may affect this process. One such factor includes
channel choice, which may significantly affect how the receiver interprets the message.
Additionally, noise is another key factor that may affect how the message is received. Sometimes
the noise could be psychological noise, which is generally considered as the receiver’s
psychological state, which might affect how they interpret the message.
The receiver can benefit from the linear model of communication in various ways. One of
such ways includes how it is associated with minimal miscommunication. It is important to
understand that the linear communication model is clear and easy to understand. Therefore, that
limits the possibilities of miscommunication, providing the sender with an opportunity to pass
their message easily. Additionally, the linear communication model is associated with limited
edits, giving the sender an opportunity to provide similar information to different people (Fan et
al., 2021). The linear communication model can also be transmitted easily, which is beneficial
whenever the sender tries to communicate the same message to a large audience simultaneously.
Interactive Model of Communication
The interactive communication model primarily includes the actual process of
communicating a message where the sender and receiver participate in sending messages back
and forth. That forms the cyclical process, which includes sending messages to the receiver, and
the feedback is based on the receiver’s reactions. A key example of an interactive communication
model is the basic telephone conversation, which includes sending and receiving messages based
on the reactions originating from the previous messages (Chandra et al., 2021). The interactive
communication model is generally associated with the fields of experience from both the sender
4
and receiver of the message, where their knowledge and values significantly impact the
message’s meaning.
One of the most significant benefits of the interactive communication model includes
providing the communicating parties with an opportunity to share their genuine opinions. The
interactive communication model still provides the communicating parties with an opportunity to
incorporate different environmental factors in the interpretation of a message, hence establishing
different changes in the value of a message. Additionally, one can understand the various
communication methods, unlike the traditional communication mechanisms. The interactive
communication model is also considered dynamic and can be utilized in different communication
practices (Wang, 2021). This communication model is also associated with a semantic disorder,
which plays a significant role in understanding the various challenges associated with
interpreting messages.
Transactional Model of Communication
The transactional communication model differs from the other communication models in
various ways, including how the communication process is generally conceptualized, the roles of
both the sender and receiver of the message, and their contextual roles. The transactional
communication model then illustrates communication as the process of generating social realities
mainly by the communicators based on different contexts, including social, relational, and
cultural (Ahn et al., 2021). Therefore, the transactional communication model plays a significant
role in creating relationships, establishing intercultural alliances among the various parties
involved in the communication process, and providing one with the ability to engage in
dialogues with others as part of establishing communities.
5
The transactional communication model has existed for a while and is associated with
various benefits. One of the key benefits includes how the model involves face-to-face
conversations hence providing one with the opportunity of reading the nonverbal cues of others.
The ability to read body language plays a significant role in improving communication.
Additionally, being able to read the body language of others provides one with the ability to
understand what others could be thinking (Sulaiman et al., 2019). The transactional
communication model is also beneficial as it promotes personalization of how people are
expected to interact with each other. Therefore, one can make new friends and network, which
consequently helps in a growing business.
Negotiation Tactics in Communication
Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)
BATNA generally emphasizes the actions one takes when negotiation fails or when two
different parties cannot reach a common solution. Therefore, different parties can use BATNA in
different situations requiring negotiations (McKibben & Skoll, 2021). BATNA plays a
significant role during negotiations as one can only make decisions if one can understand the
existing alternatives. The negotiating parties are then advised to consider all existing alternatives
in case they engage in any form of negotiation. Also, BATNA provides the parties with an
opportunity to evaluate the existing alternatives depending on the value they tend to receive from
each (McKibben, 2020). That allows everyone to select the alternatives with the highest value.
In case one is provided with low-value alternatives, BATNA then plays a critical role in
providing one with the opportunity to reject an offer. However, if the alternatives have high
value, then BATNA allows one to accept the offer. A strong BATNA still ensures one can
6
determine the best alternatives, avoiding any tempting offers. It is important to understand that
those negotiations are used to establish the best alternatives and help understand how such
negotiation tactics can be improved, hence solving disputes among various parties (Kiss & Ruël,
2022). The ability to understand negotiation can also play a critical role in evaluating a specific
party’s personal strengths and weaknesses, hence being able to understand the various
alternatives that can be included in a negotiation.
Worst Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (WATNA)
WATNA is primarily the worst result a party can achieve during any negotiation.
WATNA provides the parties involved in a negotiation with the ability to understand the existing
alternatives one can use in comparing with their respective opinions (Davidson, 2020). The
parties involved in a negotiation can make more informed decisions through that process. In case
of higher levels of uncertainties during a negotiation, WATNA plays a critical role in cutting
losses during a negotiation (Devinatz, 2018). However, it is also important to understand that
WATNA can also be used to give purpose to the negotiating parties.
WATNA allows the negotiating parties to explore other interests and knowledge choices.
When it comes to determining other interests, WATNA allows the negotiating parties to evaluate
other interests. Therefore, the parties gain the ability to understand the needs of each other or the
options that should be provided for the other parties to continue with the negotiation process
(Cohen et al., 2022). On the other hand, knowledge choices promoted through WATNA provide
the negotiating parties with the ability to understand whether they made informed decisions and
what could have happened if they failed to get to an agreement.
Conclusion
7
As a communicator, this assignment allows one to understand the various models of
communication and the different negotiation tactics that can be used in communication. The
linear communication model helps understand how information can be transmitted easily, which
is beneficial whenever the sender tries to communicate the same message to a large audience
simultaneously. The transactional communication model is important since it plays a critical role
in promoting the personalization of how people are expected to interact with each other. BATNA
allows communicators to evaluate the existing alternatives based on their value. As a
communicator, WATNA allows the negotiating parties to understand whether they made
informed decisions.
8
References
Ahn, J. W., Jang, H. Y., & Son, Y. J. (2021). Critical care nurses’ communication challenges
during handovers: A systematic review and qualitative meta‐synthesis. Journal of
Nursing Management, 29(4), 623-634.
Chandra, S., Patil, K. K., & Talanki, S. (2021). Evolutionary cross-layer interactive model for
sensor communication. International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms, 19(34), 328-341.
Cohen, S., Brady, G. L., Massaro, S., & van Kleef, G. A. (2022). Meh, whatever: The effects of
indifference expressions on cooperation in social conflict. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology.
Davidson, I. (2020). The art of advocacy in mediation. Bar News: The Journal of the NSW Bar
Association, (Mar 2020), 34-39.
Devinatz, V. G. (2018). What makes a good mediator? Insights from a mediation training
program participant. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 30(3), 181-201.
Fan, J., Guo, Y., & Wang, K. (2021). Communication-efficient accurate statistical estimation.
Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1-11.
Kiss, R., & Ruël, H. J. (2022). International negotiations in a hybrid diplomatic arena: new
actors, new tools-a practitioners’ contribution. International Journal of Diplomacy and
Economy, 8(1), 97-107.
McKibben, H. E. (2020). What do I get? How do states’ negotiation alternatives influence the
concessions they receive in multilateral negotiations?. European Journal of International
Relations, 26(3), 896-921.
9
McKibben, H. E., & Skoll, A. (2021). Please Help Us (or Don’t): External Interventions and
Negotiated Settlements in Civil Conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65(2-3), 480505.
Sulaiman, S., Hussin, S., & Amir, Z. (2019). A conceptual model of communication process
employed in academic online written interaction. Journal of Education and Social
Science.
Van Ruler, B. (2018). Communication theory: An underrated pillar on which strategic
communication rests. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 12(4), 367-381.
Wang, C. L. (2021). New frontiers and future directions in interactive marketing: inaugural
Editorial. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 15(1), 1-9.
Assignment One: Communication Models and Professional Communications
by
Student Name
EDD 8200 CRN #####
Leadership, Communication, and Technology
Nova Southeastern University
Date
2
Communication Models and Professional Communications
Introduction
Explain in your own words why communication is important to research and learn when
sending information or having dialogue/debate with others. This should be an opening paragraph
of at least 5 to 6 academic sentences. Remove the directions when creating your section.
Models of Communication
Linear/Transmission Model of Communication
Remove the directions when creating your section and respond in sentence structure.
Please remember to be detailed as this is a doctoral level submission and represents you as a
leader and communicator. Two current scholarly sources required to synthesize and validate your
claims.
Interactive Model of Communication
Remove the directions when creating your section and respond in sentence structure.
Please remember to be detailed as this is a doctoral level submission and represents you as a
leader and communicator. Two current scholarly sources are required to synthesize and validate
your claims.
Transactional Model of Communication
Remove the directions when creating your section and respond in sentence structure.
Please remember to be detailed as this is a doctoral level submission and represents you as a
leader and communicator. Two current scholarly sources are required to synthesize and validate
your claims.
Negotiation Tactics in Communication (Only select two of the following)
Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)
3
Remove the directions when creating your section and respond in sentence structure.
Please remember to be detailed as this is a doctoral level submission and represents you as a
leader and communicator. Three current scholarly sources are required to synthesize and validate
your claims.
Worst Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement (WATNA)
Remove the directions when creating your section and respond in sentence structure.
Please remember to be detailed as this is a doctoral level submission and represents you as a
leader and communicator. Three current scholarly sources are required to synthesize and validate
your claims.
Zone of Possible Agreement (ZOPA)
Remove the directions when creating your section and respond in sentence structure.
Please remember to be detailed as this is a doctoral level submission and represents you as a
leader and communicator. Three current scholarly sources are required to synthesize and validate
your claims.
Verbal Judo
Remove the directions when creating your section and respond in sentence structure.
Please remember to be detailed as this is a doctoral level submission and represents you as a
leader and communicator. Three current scholarly sources are required to synthesize and validate
your claims.
Negotiating Jiu Jitsu
Remove the directions when creating your section and respond in sentence structure.
Please remember to be detailed as this is a doctoral level submission and represents you as a
leader and communicator. Three current scholarly sources are required to synthesize and validate
4
your claims.
Getting to Yes
Remove the directions when creating your section and respond in sentence structure.
Please remember to be detailed as this is a doctoral level submission and represents you as a
leader and communicator. Three current scholarly sources are required to synthesize and validate
your claims.
Conclusion
Remove the directions when creating your section and respond in sentence structure. In
one paragraph (at least 5 to 6 academic sentences), explain why you feel this assignment can
help you build vital skills as a communicator.
5
References
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