Musculoskeletal system

Incentive spirometry is a lung function test that is used measure volume of the lungs namely forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity. Forced expiratory volume refers to the amount of air one can forcefully exhale while forced vital capacity refers to the volume of air one can forcefully exhale after taking a deep inspiration. The ratio of forced expiratory volume versus that forced vital capacity is used to ascertain the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The incentive spirometry is also used to diagnose asthma and restrictive lung diseases. Peak flow is a procedure done to assess the maximum airflow and it is used to diagnose asthma. Asthma is an obstructive disease which leads to decreased pulmonary outflow due to the constriction of the airway after an immunological reaction. These two tests are used in diagnosing pulmonary disorders.

Comprehension which refers to understanding the information being presented and asking for clarification regarding the information. The ability to use critical thinking is summarising the information without changing it. The second characteristic is knowledge where for one to use critical thinking they should know what the information regards and perform further research to enrich their knowledge. Analysis refers to the ability to distinguish and separate various components regarding the information and magnify into the component one by one. This is built on knowledge where the components are built by the ability to infer the information. Synthesis is the ability to bring new ideas relating to the information provided; it involves regenerating the information while using new ideas to come up with a decision. Evaluation refers to the ability to make a rational decision based on the other characteristics and ability to justify the decision made. These characteristics are important in critical thinking and its whole phenomenon (Alfaro-LeFevre, 2015)

Critical thinking refers to the ability to understand information given to you, utilize various skills to process the information and reason the information rationally before making a decision regarding the information. According to Cottrell (2011) critical thinking involves reflective thinking; looking back to ascertain certain aspects of the information. Creative thinking refers to the skills of analysing information with new and different techniques that is open mindedness. Problem solving refers to the process where one finds solutions to difficult situations while ensuring one makes the best choice out of the given alternatives.

Skin

1. These standards describe to the nurses the various aspects of their practice for example professional supervision. This involves working with other professionals and overseeing various activities. The other aspect includes definition of intellectual disability and its guidelines. The nurses are able to work under the various values outlined for people with intellectual disability. The nurses have the information regarding various services they offer to the people with disability.

2. The nurse needs to consider the diet the person with type diabetes consumes and adjust accordingly. According to Stephen et.al (2016) modification of diet leads to better outcomes in a patient with diabetes type two. The nurse needs to consider if the person is able to perform exercise to reduce their weight. Exercise should be done in an effort to reduce weight. The nurse should teach the client on how to perform random blood glucose tests and interpreting them as this would result in ensuring there is no hyperglycaemia or hypoglycaemia.

3. The nurse should consider the diet of the person with constipation since fruits and vegetables ease the constipation. The nurse should teach the person with constipation on the need to take enough fluids to ensure a smooth bowel movement. According to García et.al (2015) hydration reduces constipation. The nurse should ensure that the person knows the side effects of laxatives and seeks medical care when they observe them.

Russel has an indwelling urinary catheter in situ to manage urinary incontinence. The catheter has blocked and has not been replaced. There is a lot of sediment in the urine.

Russel’s condition is deteriorating and he is finding it difficult to cope with his physical health condition, and increased dependency on others to carry out his health care needs. The health care practitioners including nurses often struggle to convince Russel and his family members to make appropriate treatment and management decisions. Russel’s family members have conflicting interests and they often engage in rude communication with nurses. The family members are not understanding the need to intervene promptly to avoid further complications in Russel’s situation. Informal conflict resolution has to date failed in bringing the family members’ attention to the issue.

The nurse should use sterile normal saline to flush the catheter. The nurse washes their hands and wears sterile gloves. Russel is draped to ensure no spillage and the nurse flushes the catheter using 20mLs of normal saline and observes for any urinary flow. If there is none the urinary catheter is replaced. If the urinary flow is improved the nurse ensures there is no kink, the catheter is secured and the urinary bag is not placed on the floor.

Negotiation involves the Russel family and healthcare team finding an amicable solution while in negotiation the third party is invited to solve the conflict between Russel, Russel family members and the healthcare team. The third party who is neutral listens to all the parties with conflicting interests. He seeks to understand the concerns of why Russel’s family members are unwilling to seek his treatment while the healthcare team explains why Mr Russel needs urgent treatment. He then assists the parties to come up with a solution

I will report to the physician and the nursing officer in charge regarding the deteriorating client who will then report the issue to the hospital management.

References

Alfaro-LeFevre, R., 2015. Critical Thinking, Clinical Reasoning, and Clinical Judgment E-Book: A Practical Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Cottrell, S., 2011. Critical thinking skills (p. 1). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

García, A., Hardisson, A., Jaraiz, F., León, P., Pastor, M.R., Tur, J.A., Zaragoza, M.P., Motero, M. and Espada, I., 2015. Hydration campaigns: five years of experience. Nutricion hospitalaria, 32(2), p.31.

Steven, S., Hollingsworth, K.G., Al-Mrabeh, A., Avery, L., Aribisala, B., Caslake, M. and Taylor, R., 2016. Very-low-calorie diet and 6 months of weight stability in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiologic changes in responders and nonresponders. Diabetes care, p.dc151942.