Antenna

Wireless communication involves the transmission of data or information from one location to other without any physical connection. It is beneficial as it helps in transmitting the information from any location with the help of radio waves (Godlinski,  Zichner, Zöllmer & Baumann, 2017).  There are several advantages such as it is flexible, cost effective and higher convenience. This report carries out the answer to three questions.

An antenna is a defined as a device that is used for converting the radio frequency in the current. This is used for transmission of signals and is used by both transmitter and receivers. The antenna communication in used in various applications like in military communication, mobile phones, TV, satellite communication or wireless communication (Walters, Liang,  Shi & Chaudhary, 2007). The use of antenna is increasing because it supports long distance communication and assures that signal loss would be very low.

In this report different types of antenna that are available are discussed, and are compared on eth basis of its advantages.

This antenna is named as horn type antenna because of its shape and it also consists of flaring type of waveguide. It is used in various fields as it increases the overall radiation efficiency as compared to others. The frequency range of horn type antenna is comparatively high than yagi uda antenna. It lies in the range of 400MHz to 40Ghz.  It also offers high power rate to the receiver (Walters, Liang,  Shi & Chaudhary, 2007). The horn antenna is also available in various types like sectional horn, conical horn or rectangular horn. They are used for applications that require high frequency and are also used to identify various other parameters that are required (Harvey & Walnock, 2009).

(Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/antenna_theory/antenna_theory_horn.htm)

Advantages- The pattern matching algorithm for this is antenna is quiet reliable and also have a high directivity (Shin,  Ma,  Mishra & Arbaugh, 2006). The impedance for matching is quit high and they also use some narrow beam of width.

Disadvantages- It is very complex in terms of implementation and also have a very large flare angle (Shin,  Ma,  Mishra & Arbaugh, 2006).

 It is one of the most popular antennas used globally for Communication on television. The motive behind using this antenna is that I has a very high directivity and also have a high gain of input processing signal. The frequency range of his antenna is quiet high and it lies between 30MHz to 3gHz. This antenna has three major components each having specific function. The first component is directors that support the EM waves by directed them the path (Mohammadian, et. al, 2014). They help in directing the EM waves to shift from the path by a certain angel. The other component of antenna is a reflector that is basically used to send the signal from transmitter to receiver by reflecting the ray (Choi,  Robles,  Hong & Kim, 2008). The third component of yagi-uda antenna is driven that connects the line of transmitter to the black stud.

Types of Antenna

(Source: https://www.elprocus.com/design-of-yagi-uda-antenna/)

Advantages- The benefit that are gained by using yagi-uda antenna is that they have high gain and directivity. Apart from that, they are popular because it can be handled easily. It also has low power consumption as compared to other antenna (Moeglein,  Rowitch, Riley, Deloach & Sheynblat, 2015).

Disadvantages- It does not work properly while change in weather conditions and have high prone to noise (Moeglein,  Rowitch, Riley, Deloach & Sheynblat, 2015).

This antenna is basically used to boost up the signal strength so that overall strength is amplified. It is used to boost up the strength for mobile phone communication. It can be used for any type of communication like for mobile phones, TV or satellite communication (RF wireless world 2012). It is one of the modern forms of antenna and can be used in long distance communication.

Advantages-It is highly recommended to use at it has higher capacity as compared to others and also have a low transmission power long with low interference (Wang, Fang, Zhang & Che, 2010).

Disadvantages- It is very difficult handle as the infrastructure is quiet complex. It also requires handover is due to which smooth communication cannot be established (Wang, Fang, Zhang & Che, 2010).

It is highly recommended that cellular antenna should be used as compared to others, as they can be used in long distance communication. It is a wireless form of network and can be used for microwave frequency range.

Wireless network is a group of computers that uses wireless mode of communication between various nodes. It is one of the advanced modes of communication as it has reduced the need to cables and wires that were needed for establishing a communication. This form of communication is possible by using radio communication and it generally operates in the physical layer (Liang, & Yu, 2015). Wireless networks include cell phones, WANs, WSN, satellite communication and many others. These are majorly used for long distance communication (Essinger, Zhu, Schnee,  Liu, Shen,  Chen & Lu, 2015). The wireless network is basically of 4 types: LAN, MAN, WAN, and PAN.

The application of wireless networks are remote control system, cell phones, security system, data transfer or for communication.

Three wireless network protocols that would be discussed in this section are:

• ZigBee
• Bluetooth
• Wi-Fi

It operates on 2.4Ghz frequency. It works similar to wireless thermostats as it is used for controlling the automaton of process. The data rate is quiet low and it works on m2m protocol (Shinde & Awasthi, 2015).

Horn antenna

Advantages- It is quiet easy to regulate and monitor. The power consumption is also low and the construction is quiet simple.

Disadvantages- The security of this network is quiet poor on the other hand implementation cost is quiet high.

It is also a wireless network that is used for communicating from one device to other. It is a low power consumption device. The range of connectivity is limited and thus it is used for communicating in a small range (Fujii, Itoh & Matsunaga,2009). It also makes use of low power and is basically used for connecting hardware. It works on IEEE 802.15.1 range of frequency.

Advantage- It is best way for communicating with nearby devices as it has low power consumption (Moseley, Howell & Lim, 2017). The range of communication is quiet high and can be used for data communication.

Disadvantage- It has less bandwidth and it cannot be used for long distance communication. In many cases, interference is experienced (Moseley, Howell & Lim, 2017).

It stands for wireless fidelity that helps users to communicate with each other irrespective of their location. It makes use of radio frequency to communicate with each other. It operates on IEEE 802.11. It is used for higher frequency band that is 5Ghz.

Advantages- The implementation cost of wireless network is low as compared to the wireless network (Burbank, 2008). It is more convenient and also has high productivity. It has larger mobility as can be used for communicating through large distances.

Disadvantages- It has slow speed as compared to wired network. The security is also low as compared to wired.

The challenges that are faced by wireless network are in terms of quality and security. There are chances of information leakage or data loss on the network. Thus, the main challenge is security (Vincent, 2016) . This can be reduced by installing firewalls and anti-viruses in the system, or by keeping the system updated. It is also suggest that data should be encrypted so that even if it is hacked by some third party user it is not in a readable form. Thus software defined networks are used so that core security could be enhanced. Thus various challenges that are faced in wireless network can be attacks that cause security breach in terms of integrity, confidentiality and availability. There are many third party users who try to access the data without any false means (Kosako,  Kadoya & Hofmann, 2010). Thus, to avoid such cases it is recommended that access control list is defined regarding who can access the data so that only valid user are allowed to access the information.

Yagi-Uda Antenna

The first article is based on software defied wireless network, a survey of the problems and its solution. The author of this article is anil kumar rangisetti. He was right as he stated that wireless networks are facing various challenges. I complete support this statement as hackers and attacks over the network are increasing day by day.  It has somewhere breached the security of the network which affected the quality of service (Kosako,  Kadoya & Hofmann, 2010). The security problems are increasing due to increasing cybercrimes. There are many tools that are helped hackers to carry such practices. These issues can be resolved by using data encryption technique as it assures that data breach will be resolved. The output of receiver should be same as the desired input.

The title of the second article is architecture for software-defined wireless networking that is written by Carlos J. Bernardos, Antonio de la Oliva, Pablo Serrano, Albert Banchs, Luis M. Contreras, Hao Jin, and Juan Carlos Zuniga. This article contains a detail discussion about eh challenges that are faced in networking over wireless network. The SDN method that is use for mobile network is one of the advances wireless networks. Thus the major problem that is faced over wireless network as compared to wired network is security of data. To avoid such issues secure networks are used. This network makes sure that when information is transferred from one location to other, no unauthorised user has the right to access the information (Baldassarre, et.al, 2015). Even if the information is accessed by some third party user it should not be in a human readable form. As security of such networks should be a key concern. So there are many techniques and technologies through which we can improve the quality of our data. The difficulty that is faced due to wireless network is interference of other users. There are various attacks, like man in the middle attack us one such attack that allows third party user to access the information which cause a loss to sensitive information (Baldassarre, et.al, 2015). Thus, it is necessary to have a strong authentication so that only valid user can access the information.

Conclusion

In this report various terms are discussed. The first part of report helps in understanding the concept of antenna. Three type of antenna were discussed. There advantages and disadvantages of each of the antenna was analysed. Apart from that, cellular antenna was selected as a best antenna as it has higher capacity and chances of interference are also very low. In the second part, the discussion was all about wireless network. It is one of the most popular ways of communication as it is convenient and cost is also low. Apart from that it has also eliminate the use of wires and cable. Three main wireless network protocols were discussed that is Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and zigbee.  The third section is a research study about the two articles that mainly focus on the challenges and issues that were faced in wireless network and the architecture of software defined networking. The use of SDN method and its challenges are found. The third section covers the personal recommendation that will help to reduce the cybercrime and will help in enhance the security of wireless network.  

Cellular Antenna

References

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Essinger, S., Zhu, X., Schnee, M., Liu, J., Shen, X., Chen, L., & Lu, J. (2015). U.S. Patent No. 9,030,964. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Godlinski, D., Zichner, R., Zöllmer, V., & Baumann, R. R. (2017). Printing technologies for the manufacturing of passive microwave components: antennas. Screen printing, 5, 8.

Kosako, T., Kadoya, Y., & Hofmann, H. F. (2010). Directional control of light by a nano-optical Yagi–Uda antenna. Nature Photonics, 4(5), 312.

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Wang, H., Fang, D. G., Zhang, B., & Che, W. Q. (2010). Dielectric Loaded Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) ${H} $-Plane Horn Antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 58(3), 640-647.

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Moseley, J., Howell, J., & Lim, S. (2017, March). A novel forklift safety system utilizing Xbees and directional Microstrip Patch Antennas. In SoutheastCon, 2017 (pp. 1-2). IEEE.