Pain management with medical marijuana

Medical marijuana is mainly seen to use the marijuana plant as well as the chemicals in it for the treatment of different ailments as well as disorders. It is actually the same product as that of the recreational marijuana but mainly taken for the medical purposes. It is seen that the plant of marijuana mainly contains 100 different chemicals like that of the cannabinoids.

Each of the components is seen to have different types of effects on the body with different health outcomes (White et al., 2015). The two main components of marijuana are the Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). However, there had been always a debate about whether it should be legalized as although they have many positive effects, they also remain linked with various negative outcomes also. This assignment will mainly show a debate in order to establish whether it should be legalized or not. 

            Keyhani et al. (2018) is of the opinion that pain can occur at any part of the body and is describe as the medical condition that has the capability of causing noticeable discomfort and pain in the individuals. Pain is seen to have debilitating effects affecting the physical abilities, leisure activities, hobbies, job opportunities, emotional state as well as the general mood and even mobility. Chronic pain can affect any individuals resulting in arthritis, nerve damage, back pain, chronic migraine as well as many others.

Researchers like Popova et al. (2017) have supported that traditional painkillers like oxycodone and morphine are highly effective but they also remain associated with a higher risk of addiction and even dependence. This can be highly dangerous as well as fatal when taken in inappropriate amounts; marijuana on the other hand has the capacity of benefitting individuals with similar palliative outcomes with a lesser significant risks for substance abuse and consequent health issues.

The main way by which medical marijuana acts as pain killer is the presence of the ingredients called cannabinoids that is seen to affect the brain. About 80 different cannabinoids are present out of which the most notable ones are the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. They are mainly seen to activate the caanbinoid receptors of the body. These receptors are present in the brain and throughout the most of the organs of the body.

            According to Volkow et al. (2014), medical marijuana is also found to be extremely helpful in the treatment of chronic nausea as well as loss of appetite. Often in cancer treatments as well as chemotherapy, an individual patient loses the appetite. Many of the other patients suffer from the conditions like that of anorexia, depression, Chron’s diseases as well as HIV. In such situations also, patients are seen to lose their appetite. Medical marijuana is mainly helpful for such patients helping them to eat thereby helping the body to get the nutrition the body needs.

Appetite loss and weight gain through medical marijuana

There has been often an argument that marijuana causes individuals to take snacks quite often but there are few studies to prove the same. On the other hand, Azofeifa, Mattson and Grant (2016) are of the opinion that this drug indeed helps in the gaining of weight but only in the underweight individuals. However, it does not result in gaining of weight in normal to that of the overweight users.  Studies suggest that persistent as well as long-term caloric deficiencies may cause severe health related issues. These should include decrease in the density of the bone as well as impaired circulatory function, vitamin deficiencies and even early death that might occur due to heart failure. Therefore, in such situations, marijuana seems to be highly useful.

            Emotional pain is one of the most harmful and devastating situation that are highly dangerous to patients similar to that of the physical pain. Often there are many situations, which can affect the quality of life of many individuals. Situations like anxiety, depression, chronic disorders or posttraumatic stress disorder are found to be intricately associated with the lackluster of the performance at job, poor mood, strained interpersonal relationships and even thoughts of suicides or self-harm (Donnely & Young, 2018).

The medications, which are advised by doctors in such situations, are seen to work at varying degrees and remain associated with various types of side effects that may harm them in other ways. Medical marijuana thereby provides relief to such patients with mood disorders as n effective alternative with lessened chances of any form of side effects. Roditis et al. (2015) stated that medicinal marijuana is found to be used safely as well as effectively in association with that of the current psychiatric medication. Many of the studies have proved that the use of the cannabis in combination with other medications is the most effective treatments.

            Many of the researchers are of the opinion that marijuana has a chemical compound, which is highly, helpful in stopping the cancer from spreading. Cannabidiol is one of the most important chemical that is seen to keep away cancer by the turning off the important gene called the ID 1. Cancer cells are seen to make more of the copies of this gene than the non-cancerous cells and this makes the cancer cells to be spread out throughout the body.

It was seen that when the researchers treated certain breast cancer cells in the lab with the high expression levels of the ID 1 with that of the cannabidiol (Bradford & Bradford, 2016). It was seen that after this treatment, the cells had decreased the level of expression of ID1 and thereby became less aggressive spreaders. Again it is also stated that marijuana does not hamper the lung function but in turn helps in the increase of the lung capacity. It is seen that tobacco smoking resulted in the decrease of the lung function over time but marijuana users showed increase in lung capacity over time.

Mood disorders and medical marijuana

            Many of the researchers like van Amsterdam et al. (2015) are also of the opinion that there is also an important ingredient in marijuana that is called the tetrahydrocannabinol that is successful in the treatment and control of the seizures. This is mainly done by binding of the ingredient to the brain cells that are responsible for the controlling of the excitability and regulating the relaxation. Many of the healthcare professionals are of the opinion that cannabidiol in the plant is mainly seen to interact with the cells of the brains and thereby helps in excessive activity in the brain that causes these seizures.

                        However, a large number of negative outcomes are also associated with excessive and continued use of marijuana among the people whom medical marijuana is prescribed. Although, it is believed that it increases the lung capacity but there are also studies which state that smoked cannabis cause irritation of the delicate lining of the respiratory tract. This is seen to mainly cause damage to the cells in the lining of the bronchial passage. Pacher et al. (2018) had opinion that this damage has the capacity of impairing the ability of the respiratory system to clear the toxins and therefore they cannot fight off any types of microorganism. Users of marijuana can be seen to suffer from both the risks of acute and chronic bronchitis. Inflammation in the lungs show many symptoms like that of the increase of the phlegm, cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

            Although many of the researchers have stated that marijuana is useful in the prevention of cancer by stopping the production of the ID1 gene and preventing the spread of the cells containing such gene, many other studies have also opposed to this view. Smoked marijuana is believed to carry the risk of the cancer mainly the lung cancer as well as cancer of mainly the head and the neck. Wilkinson et al. (2016) states that heavy marijuana may result in making biochemical as well as genetic alterations in the respiratory tract that are mainly the markers of the precancerous change.

Many of the studies also suggest that the smoke of the marijuana has carcinogenic hydrocarbons that have the capability of using lung cancer. Marijuana is seen to increase the heart rate and along with that, it increases the blood pressure. Both of the situations are seen to combine and produce additive effects on the heart making the heart to work more strenuously. These effects are not seen in individuals who have perfectly fit and healthy working heart. Studies have shown that marijuana might have severe effects on individuals who have pre-existing heart disorders (Ford et al., 2017).

Medical marijuana and cancer prevention

            There are different types of short-term effects that might occur on power of cognition. Marijuana intoxication results in the alteration of the short term memory as well as sense of time, sensory perception and even attention span. This also affects the problem solving ability as well as verbal fluency and reaction time along with psychomotor control. Although some of the writers associate this with euphoria as well as the relaxation but others, particularly naïve users are seen to report anxiety as well as paranoia and panic reactions (Camchong, Lim & Kurma, 2017).

There are also high levels of accidents that are seen to take place because of the negative effects of marijuana on the attention, eye coordination with the hand as well as tracking behaviors and reaction times. Long-term effects on the brain are mainly seen to be associated with extended use of cannabis. It has been seen that long-term effects mainly remain associated with cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism and electrophysiology, and structural anatomy. Functional imaging has shown less activity in the regions of the brains in individuals who are chronic users of marijuana.

            Goldenberg et al. (2017) have shown medical marijuana causes fluctuations in the mood and the increase in the anxiety as well as depressive disorders among frequent marijuana users. This is completely opposite to the papers that have found positive outcomes with people suffering from mood disorders. Again, studies have been also found that shows increase of the use of marijuana to be associated with depression and anxiety.

One paper has also stated that marijuana can even cause psychosis in individuals (Cooper, 2016). Marijuana can also cause masking of the symptoms of those individuals who have vulnerability towards schizophrenia. Many of the instances are also there that shows poor educational attainment, poor quality performance at job and many personal issues associated with individuals who have misused medical marijuana,. Many of the patients are also seen to suffer from insomnia. It is the inability to sleep as well as chronic sleeplessness (Kollins et al., 2015).

            From the above discussion, it is seen that huge number of papers has been found on the outcomes of the use of marijuana. Arguments had been seen to be present stating about both positive and negative sides of the use of medical marijuana of the patients. Both randomized controlled trails have conducted to find out the positive and negative outcomes and most of them were successful. Therefore as a nursing professional, reaching to a conclusion is difficult. There had been continuous ceaseless battles of the different clashing opinions among the journalists as well as the police departments, attorneys, medical doctors and even social activists and different legislators.

Negative effects of smoking medical marijuana on lung function

One side of the debate can state that people who stand to get benefits from the use of the medical marijuana or who suffer from serious health conditions are never given the chance for making informed decisions based on facts and evidences. This makes me feel that the medical marijuana is helpful in overcoming many illness and situations helping individuals to live better quality lives. Some of the limitations noticed in some of the studies were that they were conducted by selection of participants who were biased and had their own-view points. Very less were on randomized trials by taking people randomly. Many of the tests were done on rats and mice and therefore they need to be conducted on humans like those of cancer cells tests.

Therefore ,effective outcomes for helping patients with cancer cannot be considered true on patients until conducted on them. Giving the people, the chances to utilize the medical marijuana are in turn associated with a number of issues.  The use of medical marijuana associated with the feeling if relaxation and euphoria can make the individuals addicted without making them aware that they are abusing medical marijuana. Once such situation affects individuals, they would get vulnerable to the different side effects of the disorders. Not all patients might have the self power, confidence and strictness for them to leave using medical marijuana when the courses are over.

Once the individuals get affected, the negative affects might affect him to an extent making him lead poor quality lives. Social issues, crimes, accidents, theft and many others might also get associated with it. One should always remember that for patients who require marijuana, they can be treated with other medications. However, once individuals get addicted, the negative outcomes of marijuana may affect their lives and it would become very difficult for them to lead healthy lives once again. They may misuse the drug and can get involved in crimes and accidents if legalization takes place. Therefore, I did not support the legalization of medical marijuana for patients.  

References:

Azofeifa, A., Mattson, M. E., & Grant, A. (2016). Monitoring marijuana use in the United States: challenges in an evolving environment. Jama, 316(17), 1765-1766. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.13696

Bradford, A. C., & Bradford, W. D. (2016). Medical marijuana laws reduce prescription medication use in Medicare Part D. Health Affairs, 35(7), 1230-1236

Camchong, J., Lim, K. O., & Kumra, S. (2017). Adverse effects of cannabis on adolescent brain development: a longitudinal study. Cerebral Cortex, 27(3), 1922-1930.

Medical marijuana and heart rate

Cooper, Z. D. (2016). Adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids: management of acute toxicity and withdrawal. Current psychiatry reports, 18(5), 52. 

Donnelly, J., & Young, M. (2018). The Legalization of Medical/Recreational Marijuana: Implications for School Health Drug Education Programs. Journal of School Health, 88(9), 693-698. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12669

Ford, T. C., Hayley, A. C., Downey, L. A., & Parrott, A. C. (2017). Cannabis: An Overview of its Adverse Acute and Chronic Effects and its Implications. Current drug abuse reviews, 10(1), 6-18. 

Goldenberg, M., Reid, M. W., IsHak, W. W., & Danovitch, I. (2017). The impact of cannabis and cannabinoids for medical conditions on health-related quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug and alcohol dependence, 174, 80-90

Keyhani, S., Steigerwald, S., Ishida, J., Vali, M., Cerdá, M., Hasin, D., … & Cohen, B. E. (2018). Risks and Benefits of Marijuana Use: A National Survey of US Adults. Annals of internal medicine. https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2694804

Kollins, S. H., Schoenfelder, E. N., English, J. S., Holdaway, A., Van Voorhees, E., O’Brien, B. R., … & Chrisman, A. K. (2015). An exploratory study of the combined effects of orally administered methylphenidate and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on cardiovascular function, subjective effects, and performance in healthy adults. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 48(1), 96-103.

Pacher, P., Steffens, S., Haskó, G., Schindler, T. H., & Kunos, G. (2018). Cardiovascular effects of marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 15(3), 151. 

Popova, L., McDonald, E. A., Sidhu, S., Barry, R., Richers Maruyama, T. A., Sheon, N. M., & Ling, P. M. (2017). Perceived harms and benefits of tobacco, marijuana, and electronic vaporizers among young adults in Colorado: Implications for health education and research. Addiction, 112(10), 1821-1829. 

Roditis, M. L., & Halpern-Felsher, B. (2015). Adolescents’ perceptions of risks and benefits of conventional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and marijuana: a qualitative analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(2), 179-185. 

van Amsterdam, J., Brunt, T., & van den Brink, W. (2015). The adverse health effects of synthetic cannabinoids with emphasis on psychosis-like effects. Journal of psychopharmacology, 29(3), 254-263. 

Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., Compton, W. M., & Weiss, S. R. (2014). Adverse health effects of marijuana use. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(23), 2219-2227. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1402309

White, H. R., Bechtold, J., Loeber, R., & Pardini, D. (2015). Divergent marijuana trajectories among men: Socioeconomic, relationship, and life satisfaction outcomes in the mid-30s. Drug and alcohol dependence, 156, 62-69. 

Wilkinson, S. T., Yarnell, S., Radhakrishnan, R., Ball, S. A., & D’Souza, D. C. (2016). Marijuana legalization: impact on physicians and public health. Annual review of medicine, 67, 453-466.