Introduction to Regression Analysis

Discuss About The Biomedical Application Of Nanotechnology.

Regression analysis is among the common methods used for statistical analysis. It was founded by Sir Francis Galton. Regression assists in studying how a response variable depends on single or many predictors. Low dimensional sufficient summary plot is pursued in regression graphics. These are the type of plots which do not require construction model but they have all the information needed from the predictors. Regression analysis is also an extension of correlation and it provides the evaluator with an opportunity to relationship outcome with an interval-level variable. Dependent variable sometimes is known as Y- caused by other variables and independent variables which is also referred to as X- and it is caused changes independent variables [1]. The proper predictor when the correlation is zero is the mean

Numerous simulation procedures were developed in order to facilitate the performance. The calibration procedure for programs assists in the formation of baseline management which were developed in the 1990s. a graphical procedure is developed to allow visual based analysis of data based on computer simulation. The calibrated approaches are used follow;

The facility and the data can be modeled by well-documented simulation software

An experienced simulation professional is available and is funded adequately by the collecting appropriate input data and calibrating the simulation model[2].

Regression approach also allows modeling, examining and exploring spatial relationship and explain the factors such as observing the spatial pattern. It can also be used for prediction and it is also a starting point for all spatial regression analyses. Mapping is also done in regression. It simply involves re-projecting the entire map in order to fit the other one. Mapping regression is carried out by comparing the features individually and the process involves resolving differences between the map scales [1].

The neural network helps in the provision of the attractive way to determine the data on the dependent factors [3]. The neural network is appropriately viewed as a set of powerful non-linear factors. The neural network can also be used as a pre-processor in order to replace the data which are missing.

The regression model is a statistical procedure which enables a researcher to estimate the linear, or straight line, a relationship that shows the relation between two or more variables. It is this linear relationship that summarizes the amount of change in another variable(s). This model may sometimes be used in testing the statistical importance, for instance, to test whether the observed linear relationship could have emerged by chance or not. It is in this second course that statistical methods, multivariate regression with relationships among several variables are examined and discussed [4].

Simulation Procedures in Regression Analysis

The two major variable regression model assigns one of the variables the status of an independent variable while assigning the other variable the status of a dependent variable. The independent variable is known to be the causative agent of changes in the dependent variable, or the independent variable may occur prior in time to the independent variable. It can be noticed that the researcher in our case cannot be certain of a causal relationship, even with the regression model [5]. Moreover, if at all the researcher has a to make one of the variables an independent variable, then the manner in which this independent variable is associated with changes in the dependent variable can be estimated. When using the regression model, one needs to examine the expression of the straight line first and this is given in the next section. It is by following this procedure that we can arrive at the formula for determining the regression line from the observed data [2].

In the regression model, the independent variable is labeled as X variable whereas the dependent variable is named a Y variable. The relationship that exists between the X and Y variables can be shown on a graph, with the independent variable X along the horizontal axis and the dependent variable Y along the vertical axis. The purpose of the regression model is to determine the straight line relationship which connects the X and Y.

The algebraic expression of a straight line connecting any two variables, that X and Y, is given by the following equation; Y = a + bX, Where a = Y intercept, b = slope of the line. So, as long as the intercept and the slope of the line can be determined, then this can entirely enable a researcher to determine the straight line. The slope of the line, b, which is the steepness of the line regardless of its sharp rise or maybe a fair flatness [7].

The aim of the regression model is to find a slope and intercept so that the straight line with that slope and intercept best fits the points in the scatter diagram as closely as possible [8]. It is also possible for an individual to note that only two points are enough to help determine a straight line. In a case where only one point is given, then it implies that there could be many lines passing through this point, but whenever two points are given, then it authentically defines the straight line that passes through these two points [9]. The below section shows how a straight line that provides the best fit to the points of the scatter diagram can be found;

Spatial Relationship and Mapping in Regression Analysis

Regression analysis is used in modeling the relationship between a response variable and one or more predictor variables. There are multiple benefits of using regression analysis. They are as follow;

It indicates the significant relationship between independent relationships and dependent relationship

It indicates the strength of impact of multiple independent variables on the dependent variable on a dependent variable.

Regression also allows as to make the comparison of the effects of the variable measured on different scales. These benefits enable the data analyst to eliminate and evaluate the best set of variables.

There a number of stakeholders who will be involved in this project namely

 Project manager; who will be the project leader

 Project team members who will the group executing the project but under the management of the manager [6].

 Project sponsor and this will assist my project with finance

 Steering Committee who will assist my project with advisory services on key decisions.

  The executive will be needed for this project to assist in executing the project.

 The resource managers will also be needed to assist in controlling the resources needed for executing the project

These are numerous kinds of regression technique and they are mostly driven by three metrics that are the number of independent variables, type of dependent variables and shape of the regression line.

It is one the most known method for modeling. Linear regression establishes a relationship between independent variable (X) and dependent variables using a best fit straight line which is known as the regression line. It is represented by an equation Y=a+bX+e. The equation can be used in predicting the value of target variable based on the predictor variable. Multiple linear regression consists of independent variables while simple linear regression has one independent only.

This type of regression is used in finding the probability of event-success and event failure. The logistic regression is used when the dependent variable is binary in nature [10].

A regression is referred as the polynomial regression in case the independent variable power is more than 1 and its best fit line is not a straight line but a curve.

This type of regression is applied when dealing with multiples independent variables. An automatic process is applied in this technique in the selection of independent variables [11]. The aim of this modeling approach is maximizing the number of predictor variables with a minimized number of the predictor. This method assists in handling higher dimensionality of data set.

Neural Network and Regression Analysis

This ridge regression technique is used when the data suffers from multicollinearity independent variables. Ridge regression uses shrinkage parameter in solving multicollinearity problems [12].

This type of regression is similar to ridge regression but it is capable of reducing the variability and improving the linear regression models. This model is capable of improving the accuracy and reducing the variability of linear regression models [13].

The following factors need to be practical in order to select the appropriate regression model such as if the data set has multiple confounding variables, depends on objective, high dimensionality, and multicollinearity among the variables

A number of resources are needed for regression analysis namely; the met calculator which contain statistics calculator which enables the user to input some data and plots logarithmic function, linear quadratic, exponential and cubic [14].

Cyton Board Technical Specification

OpenBCI 32bit Board;

Low noise input channels.

Compatible with an active and passive electrode

Channel data resolution of 24-bit

3V digital operating voltage

A slot for Micro SD card

5 GPIO pins

Low power Bluetooth

Texas Instruments ADS1299 ADC

Analog operating voltage

Programmable gain 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24

LIS3DH accelerometer which is linked to the datasheet.

OpenBCI Daisy Module

Powered by the OpenBCI board

Data resolution channel of 24-bit

The analog operating voltage of + or – 2.5V

OpenBCI Dongle

Can upload code to the dongle or OpenBCI board

A radio module RFD22301 from RF digital

Pin compatible and fully broken Rf duino form factor

FT231X USB-to-serial converter from FTDI

The small switch should be moved on the right side of the board from OFF to PC. A blue LED blink as soon as the operation is done. If the LED fails to blink, ensure that the battery is full and if the battery is full then there is need of consulting hardware section. It is important to plug in dongle before the Cyton board is turned on and in case the data stream is broken, then you need to unplug your USB Dongle then proceed to power down the Cyton board [15].

Connect to your Cyton board from the GUI

Relaunch your OpenBCI GUI

After installation of FTDI the drivers, there is need of launching the OpenBCI.

Select LIVE (from Cyton)

The data source should be selected to be live in order to connect to your cyton in the first section of the system control panel. The configuration of Cytonic board is done before pressing the Start System button [8].

Types of Regression Techniques

The COM port name or the Dongles serial is found in the LIVE section (from Cyton) sub- panel. The USB Dongles port name will probably be at the top of the list and in case it is not there then; make sure the dongle is plugged in and switched to the GPIO 6, Click the button for refresh list in the serial section of the sub-panel and lastly, make sure that the installation of the latest FTDI drivers have been done. If in case it is still not appearing, then there I possibility of debugging the hardware’s connection.

Setting for channel count defaults to 8 and in case one is using an OpenBCI Daisy Module and Cyton board (16 channel) system then be sure of clicking the 16 channels button before starting the system. If the user has no problem with using the GUI, the one is free to change a certain optional setting

This is the final step for the system to start working. The start button is pressed and wait for around five seconds to enable the OpenBCI to establish a connection with your Cyton Board. During the waiting time, the helpline at the bottom of OpenBCI GUI should be blinking the words. [3]

In case of the OpenBCI –GUI is connected to your cyton, look at the left-hand corner and press Start Data Stream. You should be streaming into the GUI. By trying to run your fingers along the electrode pins at the top of your board, you should see 16 channels if you are using Daisy module. The system responds to touching the pins by touching such that all traces of the FFT graph on the upper right should move upwards instantly.

This is how to connect the channels of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity(EMG) and heart activity(ECG). The resources needed to carry this activity include; cyton board, USB Dongle, Battery pack, x4 AA batteries, ten20 conductive electrode paste, x6 gold cup electrode.

The electrode can be applied to the earlobe and given support by a medical tape. All the EEG electrode on the head will be measured in comparison to the Uv reading appearing in the GUI EEG DATA montage. Note that the hair needs to be pulled aside so that the nesting of the electrode is done deeply as possible in order to make a conductive connection between the gold cup and the scalp.

References

D. Leslie, Biomedical Application OF Nanotechnology, Accounting, 2007.

D. Obodovski, The Silent Intelligence, Reed Elsevier, 2013.

M. Vink, Getting Started with Soldering, Random House, 2017.

K. Blins, Cyton + Daisy Biosensing Board( 16 Channels), OLMA Media Group, 2008.

B. Romeny, Front-End Vision and Multi-Scale Image Analysis, Hauffe Gruppe, 2008.

I. Ndenga, Nano Research, Trans Tech Publications, 2017.

G. Wadehouse, The Gold Bat, Simon & Schuster, 2016.

D. Jones, Biomedical Sensors, Informa, 2010.

K. Iniewski, Integrated MIcrosystem, Ridders Digest, 2017.

A. Kurniaawan, Arduino Programming, Pearson, 2017.

R. Rao, Brain- Compuer Interfacing, Adventure Works Press, 2013.

S. Roosth, Feminist Theory Out of Science, Wolters-Kluwer, 2012.

D. Milligan, Arduino for Kids Young and Old, Cambridge University Press, 2014.

J. Racek, Cell-Based Biosensors, McGraw-Hill Education, 2006.

P. Shylo, Examining Robustness and Vulnerability of Networked System, Scholastic, 2014.

G. Deleuze, Bergsonism, China Publishing Company, 2007.