Effect of Intermolecular Forces on Viscosity Report Lab

Description

Effect of Intermolecular Forces on Viscosity
•
•
– Our goal for this experiment is the effect of intermolecular forces on viscosity. What
molecule? What IMF will they show?
– We did measure the mixtures, are cyclohexane-cyclohexanone, cyclohexanecyclohexanol, and cyclohexanone- cyclohexanol.
• Viscometry is a useful method for determining the viscosity
– We used a Cannon-Fenske viscometer to measure the viscosity
https://www.bing.com/search?q=%EF%82%A7%20https%3A%2F%2Fcannoninstrument.com%2Fma nual-glassviscometers%2Fcannon-fenske-routineviscometer.html&pc=0ADV&ptag=C24N1809AE19AA1A068&form=CONBNT&conlogo=CT32101 27
Experimental section:
Eleven samples of three solutions were made by pipetting different concentrations of each
component. Each solutions’ density was found, and then we used a Cannon-Fenske viscometer.
Viscosity and rates of diffusion were calculated.
We used a Cannon-Fenske 200 ml for Cyclohexane-cyclohexanone solution and a ConnanFenske 450 ml for Cyclohexane-cyclohexanol and Cyclohexanone- cyclohexanol because of
more viscous.
Results and Discussion: Equations:
Sultan 1
Viscometer calibration: 𝐵 = (𝜂/𝑝)/𝑡 Viscosity in centipoise (cP): 𝜂 = 𝜌𝐵𝑇 Rate of diffusion: 𝐾 =
8𝑅𝑇/3𝜂
Sultan 2
Solution
Average viscosity in centipoise
Average rate of diffusion in cm/s
4.80 × 10!
Cyclohexane-cyclohexanone 1.44
16.5 × 10!
Cyclohexane-cyclohexanol
3.85
Cyclohexanone- cyclohexanol 9.53
55.3 × 10!
From both figures: the effect of the concentration by volume on viscosity in centipoise of the
mixtures. Figure 1: as the concentration of cyclohexanone increases, viscosity increases. Figure
2: as the concentration of solutions increases, the rate of diffusion decreases.
– Compare K diffusion values of binary mixtures with literature values
References and Citations
Jonathan C. Wedvik, Charity McManaman, Janet S. Anderson, and Mary K. Carroll.
“Intermolecular Forces in Introductory Chemistry Studied by Gas Chromatography, Computer
Models, and Viscometry.” (1998). https://cannoninstrument.com/manual-glassviscometers/cannon-fenske-routine-viscometer.html
Water
Trail
Time
Temperature
1
11.23
2
11.22
22
3
11.24
21.9
4
11.23
21.9
5
11.21
21.9
11.226
21.94
Average
Step 1: Find B
22
(n/p)/t=B
0.089078924 m/s
Denisty interpolation at 20.7
1 g/mL
Dynamic Viscosity interpolation at 120.7
CP
Cannon Fenske
450
Cannon Fennske 450
B= 2.5 CStokes/s
Trial
Time
N= 1 Kgm/s^2
0.4 water B=2.5
Temperature
1
0.81
2
0.96
3
0.9
4
0.95
5
1.09
0.942
21.6
1.061571125
1.061571125
Given B = 0.1
cannon fenske 200
B in cP=
0.089078924
0.1 Trials
Time
13.45
20
8.2967
10
2
13.52
20
8.2967
10
3
13.57
20
8.2967
10
4
13.63
20
8.2967
10
5
13.57
20
8.2967
10
13.548
0 Trials
20
Time
Temperature
1
13.51
20.1
8.3153
10
2
13.54
20.1
8.3153
10
3
13.46
20.1
8.3153
10
4
13.53
20.1
8.3153
10
5
13.71
20.1
8.3153
10
Average
13.55
0.2 Trials
20.1
Time
1
Temperature
1
1
14.25
19.9
8.4218
10
2
14.17
19.9
8.4218
10
3
13.88
19.9
8.4218
10
4
14.24
19.9
8.4218
10
5
14.23
19.9
8.4218
10
14.154
19.9
Average
0.3 Trials
Time
Temperature
1
15.49
19.7
8.4932
10
2
15.32
19.7
8.4932
10
3
15.13
19.7
8.4932
10
4
15.17
19.7
8.4932
10
5
15.24
19.7
8.4932
10
15.27
19.7
68.5211
Average
0.4 Trials
Time
Temperature
1
14.92
20.4
9.9784
10
2
15.09
20.4
9.9784
10
3
15.3
20.4
9.9784
10
4
15.08
20.4
9.9784
10
20.4
9.9784
10
5
14.98
Average
15.074
0.5 Trials
Average
Mass Solution (g) Volume Solution (mL)
1
Average
(pure cyclohexane)
Temperature
20.4
Time
Temperature
1
14.9
20
10.1266
10
2
14.8
20
10.1266
10
3
14.9
20
10.1266
10
4
14.79
20
10.1266
10
5
14.82
19.9
10.1266
10
14.842
19.98
0.6 Trials
Time
1
16.94
19.9
10.2478
10
2
3
4
5
16.67
16.69
17.02
16.74
16.812
19.9
19.9
19.9
19.9
10.2478
10.2478
10.2478
10.2478
10
10
10
10
10.4099
10.4099
10.4099
10.4099
10.4099
10
10
10
10
10
9.6815
9.6815
9.6815
9.6815
9.6815
10
10
10
10
10
9.5423
9.5423
9.5423
9.5423
9.5423
10
10
10
10
10
10.2258
10.2258
10.2258
10.2258
10.2258
10
10
10
10
10
Average
0.7 Trials
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
0.8 Trials
16.74
16.97
17.31
17.23
16.97
17.044
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
0.9 Trials
21.01
21.03
20.61
20.72
20.65
20.804
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
1 Trials
22.36
21.69
21.81
22.15
22
22.002
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
Temperature
24.16
23.62
24.08
23.98
24.09
23.986
19.9
Temperature
19.8
19.8
19.8
19.8
19.8
19.8
Temperature
19.7
19.7
19.7
19.7
19.7
19.7
Temperature
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
Temperature
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
Density Solution (g/mL)
Viscosity pBT (cP)
0.82967
0.99403719
0.82967
0.999210618
0.82967
1.002905924
0.82967
1.00734029
0.82967
1.002905924
redo of 0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.8,0.9,1.0
1.001279989
0.83153
1.000709986
0.83153
1.00293214
0.83153
0.997006396
0.83153
1.002191422
0.83153
1.015524345
1.003672858
7000000
1.069041956
0.84218
1.063040317
0.84218
1.041284376
0.84218
1.068291751
0.84218
1.067541546
1.061839989
0.84932
1.171919366
0.84932
1.159057759
0.84932
1.144683022
0.84932
1.147709282
0.84932
1.153005238
1.155274933
0.99784
1.326186781
0.99784
1.341297488
0.99784
1.359963656
0.99784
1.340408623
0.99784
1.331519971
1.339875304
1.01266
1.34407928
1.01266
1.335058614
1.01266
1.34407928
1.01266
1.334156547
1.01266
1.336862747
1.338847294
6000000
5000000
K diffusion
0.84218
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
1.02478
1.546389916
1.02478
1.02478
1.02478
1.02478
1.521742615
1.523568341
1.55369282
1.528132656
1.53470527
1.04099
1.04099
1.04099
1.04099
1.04099
1.552304703
1.573632665
1.605160957
1.597742535
1.573632665
1.580494705
0.96815
0.96815
0.96815
0.96815
0.96815
1.811939382
1.813664217
1.777442678
1.786929271
1.780892348
1.794173579
0.95423
0.95423
0.95423
0.95423
0.95423
1.900639836
1.843688642
1.853888856
1.882789462
1.870039195
1.870209198
1.02258
1.02258
1.02258
1.02258
1.02258
2.200742277
2.151553501
2.193455051
2.184346018
2.194365954
2.18489256
Concentration by volume
Viscosity (cP)
K diffusion
0
1.003672858
0.001003673
6475547.17
0.1
1.001279989
0.00100128
6491022.494
0.2
1.061839989
0.00106184
6120819.52
0.3
1.155274933
0.001155275
5625787.201
0.4
1.339875304
0.001339875
4850698.356
0.5
1.338847294
0.001338847
4854422.878
0.6
1.53470527
0.001534705
4234904.943
0.7
1.580494705
0.001580495
4112213.038
0.8
1.794173579
0.001794174
3622464.966
0.9
1.870209198
0.001870209
3475189.267
1
2.18489256
0.002184893
2974668.435
K diffusion vs. Concentration by volume
7000000
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
K diffusion
2000000
1000000
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Concentration by volume
1
1.2
Viscosity (cP) vs. Concentration by volume
2.5
y = 1.1476x + 0.8685
R² = 0.9524
Viscosity (cP)
2
1.5
Viscosity (cP)
1
Linear (Viscosity (cP))
0.5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Concentration by volume
1
1.2
r (Viscosity (cP))
B in cP=
0.089078924 cannon fenske 200
0 Trials
Pure Cyclohexanol
Time
Temperature
1.061571125
Mass Solution (g) Volume Solution (mL)
1
11.5
20.9
10.0038
10
2
11.41
20.9
10.0038
10
3
11.8
20.9
10.0038
10
4
11.71
20.9
10.0038
10
5
11.94
20.9
10.0038
10
11.672
20.9
Average
0.1 Trials
Time
Temperature
1
9.27
20.8
10.4893
10
2
9.13
20.8
10.4893
10
3
9.08
20.8
10.4893
10
4
9.02
20.8
10.4893
10
5
9.09
20.8
10.4893
10
Average
9.118
0.2 Trials
20.8
Time
Temperature
1
5.11
20.8
10.3427
10
2
4.98
20.8
10.3427
10
3
4.97
20.8
10.3427
10
4
4.9
20.8
10.3427
10
5
4.84
20.8
10.3427
10
4.96
20.8
Average
0.3 Trials
Time
Temperature
1
3.65
20.9
10.2218
10
2
3.68
20.9
10.2218
10
3
3.59
20.9
10.2218

10
4
3.64
20.9
10.2218
10
5
3.68
20.9
10.2218
10
3.648
20.9
Average
0.4 Trials
Time
Temperature
1
2.4
20.9
10.0349
10
2
2.48
20.9
10.0349
10
3
2.45
20.9
10.0349
10
4
2.41
20.9
10.0349
10
20.9
10.0349
10
5
2.44
Average
2.436
0.5 Trials
Average
B in cP
20.9
Time
Temperature
1
1.89
20.8
8.94589
10
2
1.82
20.8
8.94589
10
3
1.99
20.8
8.94589
10
4
1.89
20.8
8.94589
10
5
1.99
20.8
8.94589
10
1.916
20.8
0.6 Trials
Time
Temperature
1
1.46
20.8
9.873
10
2
3
4
5
1.44
1.55
1.55
1.48
20.8
20.8
20.8
20.9
9.873
9.873
9.873
9.873
10
10
10
10
9.8568
9.8568
9.8568
9.8568
9.8568
10
10
10
10
10
9.2938
9.2938
9.2938
9.2938
9.2938
10
10
10
10
10
9.4575
9.4575
9.4575
9.4575
9.4575
10
10
10
10
10
8.6427
8.6427
8.6427
8.6427
8.6427
10
10
10
10
10
Average
0.7 Trials
1.496
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
0.8 Trials
1.2
1.26
1.25
1.19
1.18
1.216
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
0.9 Trials
1.05
1.1
1.11
1.01
1.02
1.058
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
1 Trials
pure cyclohexane
cannon fenske 200
Average
1.1
1.12
1.02
1.05
1.03
1.064
Time
1
2
3
4
5
13.33
13.31
13.23
13.27
13.33
13.294
20.82
Temperature
20.8
20.8
20.8
20.8
20.8
20.8
Temperature
20.8
20.8
20.8
20.8
20.8
20.8
Temperature
20.8
20.8
20.8
20.8
20.8
20.8
Temperature
20.8
20.8
20.8
20.8
20.8
20.8
cannon fenske 450
Density Solution (g/mL)
Viscosity pBT (cP)
1.00038
Concentration by volume
Viscosity
(v/v)
(cP)
12.21270701
0
12.39536662
1.00038
12.1171293
0.1
10.15301883
1.00038
12.53129936
0.2
5.445837792
1.00038
12.43572166
0.3
3.958505987
1.00038
12.6799758
0.4
2.595012357
12.39536662
0.5
1.819567435
0.6
1.567941401
1.04893
10.32227293
0.7
1.272385223
1.04893
10.166381
0.8
1.043825945
1.04893
10.11070531
0.9
1.068235669
1.04893
10.04389448
1
1.023481684
1.04893
10.12184045
10.15301883
Viscosity (cP) vs. Concentration by volume (v/v)
14
5.610530467
1.03427
5.467796815
1.03427
5.456817304
1.03427
5.379960722
1.03427
5.314083652
5.445837792
1.02218
3.960676221
1.02218
3.993229724
1.02218
3.895569214
1.02218
3.949825053
1.02218
3.993229724
12
10
Viscosity (cP)
1.03427
8
6
4
2
3.958505987
0
0
1.00349
2.55666242
1.00349
2.641884501
1.00349
2.609926221
1.00349
2.56731518
1.00349
2.599273461
2.595012357
0.894589
1.794876019
0.894589
1.72839913
0.894589
1.889843004
0.894589
1.794876019
0.894589
1.889843004
1.819567435
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Concentration by volume (v/v)
0.9873
1.530210191
0.9873
0.9873
0.9873
0.9873
1.509248408
1.624538217
1.624538217
1.551171975
1.567941401
0.98568
0.98568
0.98568
0.98568
0.98568
1.255643312
1.318425478
1.307961783
1.245179618
1.234715924
1.272385223
0.92938
0.92938
0.92938
0.92938
0.92938
1.035933121
1.08526327
1.095129299
0.996469002
1.006335032
1.043825945
0.94575
0.94575
0.94575
0.94575
0.94575
1.104378981
1.124458599
1.02406051
1.054179936
1.034100318
1.068235669
0.86427
0.86427
0.86427
0.86427
0.86427
1.02625326
1.024713495
1.018554436
1.021633966
1.02625326
1.023481684
K diffusion
0.012395367
0.010153019
0.005445838
0.003958506
0.002595012
0.001819567
0.001567941
0.001272385
0.001043826
0.001068236
0.001023482
524335.5143
640137.7798
1193449.233
1641864.621
2504547.201
3571909.899
4145136.373
5107989.952
6226450.842
6084173.299
6350217.144
entration by volume (v/v)
Viscosity (cP)
1
1.2
B in cP=
2.5 ???
1 Trials
pure cyclohexanol
cannon fenske 450
Time
Temperature
1
12.43
21
9.8702
10
2
12.46
21
9.8702
10
3
12.98
21
9.8702
10
4
13.02
21
9.8702
10
5
12.59
20.9
9.8702
10
Average
12.696
0.9 Trials
20.98
Time
Temperature
1
5.85
20.9
11.1536
10
2
5.86
20.8
11.1536
10
3
5.82
20.8
11.1536
10
4
5.74
20.8
11.1536
10
5
5.88
20.8
11.1536
10
Average
5.83
0.8 Trials
20.82
Time
Temperature
1
5.5
20.8
11.1822
10
2
5.54
20.8
11.1822
10
3
5.2
20.8
11.1822
10
4
5.52
20.8
11.1822
10
5
5.33
20.8
11.1822
10
5.418
20.8
Average
0.7 Trials
Time
Temperature
1
3.29
20.7
11.659
10
2
3.2
20.7
11.659
10
3
3.23
20.7
11.659
10
4
3.28
20.7
11.659
10
5
3.35
20.6
11.659
10
3.27
20.68
11.659
10
Average
0.6 Trials
Time
Temperature
1
3.07
20.6
11.1318
10
2
3.12
20.6
11.1318
10
3
3.11
20.6
11.1318
10
4
3.1
20.6
11.1318
10
20.6
11.1318
10
5
3.13
Average
3.106
0.5 Trials
Average
Mass Solution (g) Volume Solution (mL)
20.6
Time
Temperature
1
2.26
20.5
9.9499
10
2
2.27
20.5
9.9499
10
3
2.18
20.5
9.9499
10
4
2.21
20.5
9.9499
10
5
2.14
20.5
9.9499
10
2.212
20.5
0.4 Trials
Time
Temperature
1
1.55
21
11.1171
10
2
3
4
5
1.66
1.55
1.55
1.55
21
21
21
21
11.1171
11.1171
11.1171
11.1171
10
10
10
10
11.21299
11.21299
11.21299
11.21299
11.21299

10
10
10
10
10
11.1292
11.1292
11.1292
11.1292
11.1292
10
10
10
10
10
10.9378
10.9378
10.9378
10.9378
10.9378
10
10
10
10
10
9.0825
9.0825
9.0825
9.0825
9.0825
10
10
10
10
10
Average
0.3 Trials
1.572
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
0.2 Trials
1.45
1.62
1.58
1.46
1.49
1.52
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
0.1 Trials
1.29
1.35
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
0 Trials
pure cyclohexanone
Average
1.26
1.19
1.17
1.2
1.36
1.236
Time
1
2
3
4
5
1.22
1.33
1.19
1.15
1.19
1.216
21
Temperature
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
Temperature
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
Temperature
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
Temperature
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
Density Solution (g/mL)
Viscosity pBT (cP)
Concentration by volume
Viscosity (cP)
0.98702
30.6716465
0
2.76108
0.98702
30.745673
0.1
3.3797802
0.98702
32.028799
0.2
3.672636
0.98702
32.127501
0.3
4.2609362
0.98702
31.0664545
0.4
4.3690203
31.3280148
0.5
5.5022947
0.6
8.6438427
1.11536
16.31214
0.7
9.5312325
1.11536
16.340024
0.8
15.1462899
1.11536
16.228488
0.9
16.256372
1.11536
16.005416
1
31.3280148
1.11536
16.395792
Viscosity (cP) vs. Concentration by volume
16.256372
35
15.375525
1.11822
15.487347
1.11822
14.53686
1.11822
15.431436
1.11822
14.9002815
15.1462899
1.1659
9.5895275
1.1659
9.3272
1.1659
9.4146425
1.1659
9.56038
1.1659
9.7644125
1.1659
9.5312325
30
25
Viscosity (cP)
1.11822
20
15
10
5
0
0
1.11318
8.5436565
1.11318
8.682804
1.11318
8.6549745
1.11318
8.627145
1.11318
8.7106335
8.6438427
0.99499
5.6216935
0.99499
5.64656825
0.99499
5.4226955
0.99499
5.49731975
0.99499
5.3231965
5.5022947
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Concentration by volume
1
1.11171
4.30787625
1.11171
1.11171
1.11171
1.11171
4.6135965
4.30787625
4.30787625
4.30787625
4.3690203
1.121299
1.121299
1.121299
1.121299
1.121299
4.064708875
4.54126095
4.42913105
4.09274135
4.176838775
4.2609362
1.11292
1.11292
1.11292
1.11292
1.11292
3.589167
3.756105
3.672636
3.672636
3.672636
3.672636
1.09378
1.09378
1.09378
1.09378
1.09378
3.445407
3.2539955
3.1993065
3.28134
3.718852
3.3797802
0.90825
0.90825
0.90825
0.90825
0.90825
2.7701625
3.01993125
2.70204375
2.61121875
2.70204375
2.76108
K diffusion
2353908.954
1923004.027
1769663.787
1525329.324
1487594.583
1181203.714
751902.9625
681898.268
429103.8252
399802.0551
207460.6698
K diffusion vs. Concentration by volume
2500000
2000000
K diffusion
0.00276108
0.00337978
0.003672636
0.004260936
0.00436902
0.005502295
0.008643843
0.009531233
0.01514629
0.016256372
0.031328015
1500000
1000000
500000
ntration by volume
y = -2E+06x + 2E+06
R² = 0.9777
0
0
Viscosity (cP)
1
1.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Concentration by volume
1
ncentration by volume
K diffusion
Linear (K diffusion)
6x + 2E+06
1
1.2
\
0
1.003672858
1.023481684
2.76108
0.1
1.001279989
1.068235669
3.3797802
0.2
1.061839989
1.043825945
3.672636
0.3
1.155274933
1.272385223
4.2609362
0.4
1.339875304
1.567941401
4.3690203
0.5
1.338847294
1.819567435
5.5022947
0.6
1.53470527
2.595012357
8.6438427
0.7
1.580494705
3.958505987
9.5312325
0.8
1.794173579
5.445837792
15.1462899
0.9
1.870209198
10.15301883
16.256372
1
2.18489256
12.39536662
31.3280148
1.44229688
3.849379904
9.531954482
Viscosity (cP)
Concentration by volume
Cylohexane-Cyclohexanone
Cylohexane-Cyclohexanol
Cylohexanone-Cyclohexanol
Concentration by volume
Cylohexane-Cyclohexanone
Cylohexane-Cyclohexanol
Cylohexanone-Cyclohexanol
6475547.17
6350217.144
2353908.954
0.1
6491022.494
6084173.299
1923004.027
0.2
6120819.52
6226450.842
1769663.787
0.3
5625787.201
5107989.952
1525329.324
0.4
4850698.356
4145136.373
1487594.583
0.5
4854422.878
3571909.899
1181203.714
0.6
4234904.943
2504547.201
751902.9625
0.7
4112213.038
1641864.621
681898.268
0.8
3622464.966
1193449.233
429103.8252
0.9
3475189.267
640137.7798
399802.0551
1
2974668.435
524335.5143
207460.6698
4803430.752
1651750.35
552651.5892
20
0
0
More viscous- time it takes to react is
K diffusion cm/s (10^6)
0
40
10000000
5000000
Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanol
Cylohexanone-Cyclohexanol
Expon. (Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanone )
Expon. (Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanol)
Expon. (Cylohexanone-Cyclohexanol)
40
20
0
0
5
10
Concentration by Volume (v/v)
15
Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone-Cyclohexanol
Linear (Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanone )
Linear (Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanol)
Linear (Cyclohexanone-Cyclohexanol)
10000000
5000000
y = -3E+06x + 6E+06
y = -2E+06x
-5E+06x + 2E+06
6E+06
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Concentration by volume (v/v)
1
1.2
B in cP=
0.089078924
0.1 Trials
Average
0 Trials
(pure cyclohexane)
Time
Temperature
1
12.94
20.4
0.7908
1
2
3
4
5
13.21
13.65
13.13
13.44
13.274
20.4
20.3
20.3
20.3
0.7908
0.7908
0.7908
0.7908
1
1
1
1
20.34
Temperature
20.2
20.2
20.2
20.2
20.2
20.2
Temperature
0.5551
0.5551
0.5551
0.5551
0.5551
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
0.2 Trials
13.44
13.45
13.5
13.19
13.41
13.398
Time
1
14.76
21.1
0.5758
1
2
15.08
21
0.5758
1
3
14.46
21
0.5758
1
4
14.39
21
0.5758
1
5
14.66
21
0.5758
1
14.67
21.02
Average
0.3 Trials
Time
Temperature
1
16.39
20.8
1.6783
3
2
15.82
20.8
1.6783
3
3
16.74
20.8
1.6783
3
4
16.2
20.8
1.6783
3
5
16.06
20.8
1.6783
3
16.242
20.8
1.6783
Average
0.4 Trials
Time
Temperature
0.6324
1
1
16.29
20.8
0.6324
1
2
16.15
20.8
0.6324
1
3
16.3
20.8
0.6324
1
4
16.37
20.8
0.6324
1
5
16.17
20.7
0.6324
1
Average
16.256
0.5 Trials
20.78
Time
Temperature
1
17.71
20.7
2.0489
3
2
17.47
20.7
2.0489
3
3
17.27
20.7
2.0489
3
4
17.3
20.7
2.0489
3
5
17.5
20.7
2.0489
3
Average
0.6 Trials
Mass Solution (g) Volume Solution (mL)
17.45
Time
20.7
Temperature
1
19.13
20.7
0.887
1
2
3
4
5
19.13
19.21
20.47
20.76
20.7
20.7
20.7
20.7
0.887
0.887
0.887
0.887
1
1
1
1
1.0211
1.0211
1.0211
1.0211
1.0211
1
1
1
1
1
2.0935
2.0935
2.0935
2.0935
2.0935
3
3
3
3
3
1.0274
1.0274
1.0274
1.0274
1.0274
1
1
1
1
1
0.7255
0.7255
0.7255
0.7255
0.7255
1
1
1
1
1
1
Average
0.7 Trials
19.74
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
0.8 Trials
21.51
21.85
21.99
19.95
20.01
21.062
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
0.9 Trials
21.2
21.69
21.32
21.24
21.08
21.306
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
1 Trials
21.82
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
22.32
21.96
21.77
21.19
21.86
23.09
24.03
23.55
23.39
23.44
23.5
20.7
Temperature
20.7
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.62
Temperature
20.5
20.5
20.5
20.5
20.5
20.5
Temperature
20.4
20.4
20.4
20.4
20.4
20.4
Temperature
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
Density Solution (g/mL)
Viscosity pBT (cP)
0.7908
0.911540353
0.7908
0.7908
0.7908
0.7908
0.930560128
0.961555318
0.924924639
0.946762159
0.93506852
0.5551
0.5551
0.5551
2.2
0.5551
0.5551
Viscosity (cP)
1.7
38.3516
G1
G2
66.8428
0.664577231
0.665071709
Viscosity (cP) vs. Concentration by volume
0.667544094
0.652215304
0.6630938
0.662500428
0.5758
0.757064671
0.5758
1.2
0.5758
0.773477998
0.5758
0.738086763
0.5758
0.7
0.751935507
0.741677178
Viscosity (cP)
0.752448423
0.559433333
0.2
0.559433333
0.559433333
0
0.559433333
-0.3
0.559433333
0.81677466
0.78836944
0.834216462
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.807306253
Concentration by volume
0.800329533
0.80939927
0.6324
0.917672902
0.6324
0.909786211
0.6324
0.918236237
0.6324
0.922179583
0.6324
0.910912881
0.915757563
0.682966667
1.077439842
0.682966667
1.062838737
0.682966667
1.05067115
0.682966667
1.052496288
0.682966667
1.064663876
1.061621979
0.8
1
0.887
1.511518796
0.887
0.887
0.887
0.887
1.511518796
1.517839836
1.617396223
1.640309995
1.559716729
1.0211
1.0211
1.0211
1.0211
1.0211
1.956517103
1.987442989
2.000177178
1.81462186
1.820079369
1.9157677
0.697833333
0.697833333
0.697833333
0.697833333
0.697833333
1.317839539
1.348299038
1.325299008
1.320326029
1.31038007
1.324428737
1.0274
1.0274
1.0274
1.0274
1.0274
2.042719401
2.009772314
1.992383574
1.939302156
2.000620346
1.996959558
0.7255
0.7255
0.7255
0.7255
0.7255
1.492231872
1.552981026
1.521960182
1.5116199
1.514851238
1.518728844
(less full maybe not enough of each concentration
Didnt really clean viscometer- maybe helping it biild up concentration
Concentration by volume
Viscosity (cP)
0
0.662500428
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.93506852
0.752448423
0.80939927
0.915757563
1.061621979
1.559716729
1.9157677
1.324428737
1.996959558
1.518728844
B in cP=
0.089078924
0 Trials
pure cyclohexanol
2.5
Time
1
399.11
2
3
0.6576
1
410.66
20
0.6576
1
416.26
19.9
0.6576
1
4
0.6576
1
5
0.6576
1
408.6766667
0.1 Trials
Time
20
Temperature
1
7.35
19.1
10.8534
10
2
7.82
19.1
10.8534
10
3
7.99
19.1
10.8534
10
4
7.96
19.1
10.8534
10
5
7.84
19.1
10.8534
10
Average
7.792
0.2 Trials
Time
19.1
Temperature
1
5.51
20.7
0.6632
1
2
5.86
20.7
0.6632
1
3
5.86
20.7
0.6632
1
4
5.81
20.7
0.6632
1
5
5.79
20.7
0.6632
1
5.766
20.7
Average
0.3 Trials
Time
Temperature
1
4.23
20.6
0.6644
1
2
4.03
20.6
0.6644
1
3
4.2
20.6
0.6644
1
4
4.07
20.6
0.6644
1
5
4.1
20.6
0.6644
1
4.126
20.6
Average
0.4 Trials
Time
Temperature
1
3.06
20.4
0.6879
1
2
3.01
20.4
0.6879
1
3
3.3
20.4
0.6879
1
4
3.03
20.4
0.6879
1
5
3.3
20.4
0.6879
1
Average
3.14
0.5 Trials
Time
20.4
Temperature
1
1.92
20.4
0.6002
1
2
1.99
20.4
0.6002
1
3
2
20.4
0.6002
1
4
1.93
20.4
0.6002
1
5
1.95
20.4
0.6002
1
1.958
20.4
Average
0.6 Trials
Mass Solution (g) Volume Solution (mL)
20.1
Average
450
Temperature
Time
Temperature
1
1.48
20.3 0.6053
1
2
1.8
20.3 0.6053
1
3
4
5
1.68
1.54
1.45
1.59
0.6053
0.6053
0.6053
1
1
1
0.5986
0.5986
0.5986
0.5986
0.5986
1
1
1
1
1
0.7014
0.7014
0.7014
0.7014
0.7014
1
1
1
1
1
0.5752
0.5752
0.5752
0.5752
0.5752
1
1
1
1
1
0.5842
0.5842
0.5842
0.5842
0.5842
1
1
1
1
1
Average
0.7 Trials
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
0.8 Trials
1.29
1.35
1.42
1.35
1.2
1.322
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
0.9 Trials
1.13
1.23
1.28
1.16
1.22
1.204
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
1 Trials
Time
1
2
3
4
5
Average
1.02
1.06
1.07
1.03
1.08
1.052
0.96
0.88
0.96
0.82
0.85
0.894
20.3
20.3
20.3
20.3
Temperature
20.2
20.2
20.2
20.2
20.2
20.2
Temperature
20.1
20.1
20.1
20.1
20.1
20.1
Temperature
20.1
20.1
20.1
20.1
20.1
20.1
Temperature
20
20
20
20
20
20
Density Solution (g/mL)
Viscosity pBT (cP)
0.6576
23.37918546
0.6576
0.6576
38.3516
Concentration by volume
Viscosity
(v/v)
(cP)
0
14.36375072
24.05576483
0.1
21.1424232
24.38380331
Density needs to be consistent 0.2
9.560028
0.6576
0
0.3
6.853286
0.6576
0
0.4
5.400015
14.36375072
0.5
2.937979
0.6
2.4060675
1.08534
19.9431225
0.7
1.978373
1.08534
21.218397
0.8
2.111214
1.08534
21.6796665
0.9
1.512776
1.08534
21.598266
1
1.305687
1.08534
21.272664
21.1424232
0.6632
9.13558
0.6632
9.71588
0.6632
9.71588
0.6632
9.63298
0.6632
9.59982
9.560028
0.6644
7.02603
0.6644
6.69383
0.6644
6.9762
0.6644
6.76027
0.6644
6.8101
6.853286
0.6879
5.262435
0.6879
5.1764475
0.6879
5.675175
0.6879
5.2108425
0.6879
5.675175
5.400015
0.6002
2.88096
0.6002
2.985995
0.6002
3.001
0.6002
2.895965
0.6002
2.925975
2.937979
1Cp= 1mPa.s
1*10^-3
0.6053
2.23961
0.6053
2.72385
0.6053
0.6053
0.6053
2.54226
2.330405
2.1942125
2.4060675
0.5986
0.5986
0.5986
0.5986
0.5986
1.930485
2.020275
2.12503
2.020275
1.7958
1.978373
0.7014
0.7014
0.7014
0.7014
0.7014
1.981455
2.156805
2.24448
2.03406
2.13927
2.111214
0.5752
0.5752
0.5752
0.5752
0.5752
1.46676
1.52428
1.53866
1.48114
1.55304
1.512776
0.5842
0.5842
0.5842
0.5842
0.5842
1.40208
1.28524
1.40208
1.19761
1.241425
1.305687
9.560028
viscosity
K diffusion
1.305687
0.001305687
4977710
1.512776
0.001512776
4296294
2.111214
0.002111214
3078480
1.978373
0.001978373
3285190
2.4060675
0.002406068
2701226
2.937979
0.002937979
2212177
5.400015
0.005400015
1203576
6.853286
0.006853286
948353
9.560028
0.009560028
679844
21.1424232
0.021142423
307407
14.36375072
0.014363751
452481
25
Viscosity
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Concentration (mL)
1
1.2
0.1 Trials
Time
Temperature
1
231.31
20.4
2
228.39
20.4
3
229.16
20.2
229.62
20.33333333
4
5
Average
viscosity
1.2
0.5911
1
0.5911
12.17952441
0.5911
1
0.5911
12.02577312
0.5911
1
0.5911
12.06631712
0.5911
1
0.5911
0
0.5911
1
0.5911
0
7.254322929
Experimental
Part A: Set up
Cannon Fenske 200mL viscometer was used to measure the viscosity of
Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanone solution. While Cannon Fenske 450 was used for more viscous
mixtures such as Cyclohexane-Cylohexanol and Cyclohexanone-Cylohexanol. A large beaker
was used as a constant water bath to keep the temperature constant. The bulb and the capillary
tube of the viscometer was submerged into the water bath to maintain a stable water
temperature of 20C. A thermometer was used to keep track of the temperature. Figure 1
llustrates the set of the experiment.
Will draw and place a figure here of the set up
Figure 1: Experimental Apparatus
Part B: Preparing the Samples
In the experiment three sets of solutions were prepared. One set for each combination of
reagents: Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanone, Cyclohexane-Cylohexanol, and
Cyclohexanone-Cylohexanol. In total 33 total solutions were made. The giass bottle was labeled
similar to Table 1 and the mass of the lid and the glass bottle was recorded. Afterwards the 10
ml graduated volumetric pipette was used to prepare different volume fraction of each solution
Each solution was 10mL and contained different ratios of each substance. Table 1 illustrates
the combinations of the volume fraction of each solution
ecurity updates, fixes, and improvements, choose Check for Updates.
Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexanone-Cyclohexanol
Linear (Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanol)
Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanol
-Linear (Cyclohexane-Cyclohexanone )
Linear (Cyclohexanone-Cyclohexanol)
7000000
remove this and explain them in Figure below
6000000
5000000
Chart Area
4000000
K DIFFUSION CM/S (10^6)
3000000
y = -3E+06x + 6E+06
2000000
1000000
y = -5E+06x+6E+06
y = -2E+06x +2E+06
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
CONCENTRATION BY VOLUME (V/V)
Figure 2 Plot of K diffusion cm/s (10^6) verses change in concentration by volume (v/v)
2 of 6
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-0.1
-0.2
(n/no-1)/
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
Concentration (g/100mL)
0.6
0.4
0.2
(n/no-1)/
o
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Concentration (g/100mL)
Figure A. The graph of the dynamic viscosities of cleaved solution against concentration in
g/100mL. The points show the experimental data, and the trendline for the data is represented by
the equation y=1.0206x-0.7866. The intrinsic viscosity of cleaved solution is -0.7866(100mL/g).
Figure B. Graph of dynamic viscosities of uncleaved solutions against concentrations in
g/100ml. The points show the experimental data, and the trendline for the data is represented by
the equation y=1.4345x-0.617. The intrinsic viscosity of cleaved solution is -0.617(100mL/g).
Pitfalls
The most common mistakes students make in each section:
Abstract: Students often mix up an abstract and a movie
trailer. The abstract is supposed to include spoilers.
Introduction:
1. Students often think “Connecting your results to the
broader scientific literature” means “Say that you’re
trying to cure cancer or solve global warming”. You’re
thinking too broad. If I’m writing about bomb calorimetry
of diesel, I should find myself discussing the chemical
components of diesel and the suitablilty of bomb
calorimetry for substances of that type, not why fossel
fuels are an environmental problem.
2. Stylistically, scientific writing is rarely colorful. The tools
you learned in English to write a good first sentence or
good first paragraph are stylstically inappropriate for
this type of writing
Experimental: Y’all often feel like the only honest thing to do is
to describe what you did in the order you did it, including
mistakes. Don’t. You want to edit the story into the most
intelligable sequence of events for a reader, and exclude
mistakes that aren’t relevant to your discussion.
Discussion:
1. Sources of error: you don’t have to discuss error! Only
discuss it when it’s relevent, e.g. you’ve got wonky
results and you need to try to explain them. You should
discuss one or two sources of error that are both
reasonable and explain the magnitude/direction of
the error. So, if you got 200% yield, contamination
won’t explain that – an error of that magnitude would
not result from contimaination. But if your IR spectrum
shows a small extra peak at 1700 wavenumbers, and
your experiment invovled a ketone precursor, you might
be seeing contamination from that precursor.
2. Tell me what your data means! Try to answer some of
the following: Why do I care? Is that odd? What does
this tell me about the structure of the substance? How
does it compare with a literature value?
3. Remember to be a chemist. If all else fails, you should
find yourself drawing structures and talking about how
the structure is related to your results.
References:
You need to cite from the literature. See the item in this folder
for how to define the literature and what to do if you want to
cite a non-literature source.
Experimental: Y’all often feel like the only honest thing to do is
to describe what you did in the order you did it, including
mistakes. Don’t. You want to edit the story into the most
intelligable sequence of events for a reader, and exclude
mistakes that aren’t relevant to your discussion.
Results: When you talk about a result in the text, you should
reference the figure/table/number. So not “Data shows the
endpoint of this titration wasn’t good. Instead “Figure 1 shows
the titration data for NaOH with HCl. The endpoint (most
vertical point) appears at a volume of 12.34mL, which is
2.34mL above the expected endpoint of 10.00mL.”
Discussion:
1. Sources of error: you don’t have to discuss error! Only
discuss it when it’s relevent, e.g. you’ve got wonky
results and you need to try to explain them. You should
discuss one or two sources of error that are both
reasonable and explain the magnitude/direction of
the error. So, if you got 200% yield, contamination
won’t explain that – an error of that magnitude would
not result from contimaination. But if your IR spectrum
shows a small extra peak at 1700 wavenumbers, and
your experiment invovled a ketone precursor, you might
be seeing contamination from that precursor.
2. Tell me what your data means! Try to answer some of

Purchase answer to see full
attachment