History of Engineering

Profession of engineering is a pursuit that demands appropriate qualification and proper training (Buhai, 2012).Generally, it is considered to be one of the most valuable and engaging occupation among all the others. Other various types of occupation also exist. The most prominent ones are that of doctors, lawyers, educators and others. However, the theme of this assignment revolves around the profession of engineering. The report explores various particulars of engineering from the time of its origin to the future. It additionally talks about the part that diverse components play in fashioning the calling of an engineer. The anatomy of engineering along with different levels has also been mentioned including the roles that an engineer plays inside organizations and industries. In the end, future prospects of an engineer have also been discussed. A couple of case studies are evaluated to have a better understanding of the report.

The word “engineer” was introduced as early as in 1325, which was derived from “engine’er” (meaning the one running engines) which, however, itself originates from the Latin word “ingenium” (Jayakumari&Ravichandran, 2016). ‘Engineer’ was said to describe a person who operated heavy military machineries. In between 14^th and 18th century, primarily only a couple of disciplines of engineering had existed. Civil engineering and military engineering were the two engineering professions heard of in those days. Those who constructed buildings, roads and any other establishments were categorized as civil engineers while the achievements related to the defence, for instance catapults, fortifying the fortresses or canons were considered to be the military engineers.

The background of engineering is partitioned into segments of four criterions. They are mentioned as follows:

Pre-scientific revolution: The phase corresponds to the time when the pyramids in Egypt, with the Colosseum of Rome and the Solnitsata of Bulgaria (fortified in 4700 B.C). Even Sesklo of Greece (walled town from 6800 BC.) along with many other prolific establishments were constructed. However, the engineers were not referred to as engineers in the past (Habashi&Altantsetseg, 2015).

Industrial revolution I: This span of time witnessed the expansion in the prospects of both civil and mechanical engineering. The expansion began with inventions like that of steam engines in the year 1781 by James Watt (Ruddiman et al., 2015). In this period of time engineering evolved from the conventional notions of building structures to more of a scientific profession.

Industrial revolution II: The next industrial uprising began in around 1870 and was a major reason for the introduction of fields such as Chemical, Electrical and other scientific areas of engineering (Lasi et al., 2014). This shaped a basis platform for improvement and execution of power, automobiles and planes and even mass beneficial units.

Levels of Engineering

Information revolution: The end of World War II supported the requirement of data sharing and thus prompting data insurgency. This is where present day branches of designing began to come in presence (Beavers, 2012). Software engineering designing, engineering in information technology, media transmission, microelectronics are results from this period.

Structural designing is considered to be one of the oldest forms of engineering still present. It is obscure with respect to the time when structural designing initially appeared. However, pyramids in Egypt (2700-2500 BC) and Qanat (framework of the water administration) give the confirmation of structural building being a significantly old (Habashi&Altantsetseg, 2015). Since 1771, John Smeaton, chief engineer of Eddystone Lighthouse, considered being the first civil engineer (Khamesian, 2012).  Military engineering is likewise among the two most seasoned designing disciplines. On the other hand, Romans are thought to be the main military specialists as predetermined squad devoted for mobilizing headways was implemented by the Romans (Hill, 2013). This specific squad was referred to as ‘architect’ as they were in charge of stronghold of posts, improvement of cutting edge military gear like launches and groups. The universe of military designing entered the cutting edge age with presentation of the internal combustion motors.

Initial industrial revolution brought the central branch of engineering, viz. mechanical engineering, to light. The fundamentals of the branch mentioned above were based on the “Laws of Motion” and “Calculus”, developed by Sir Isaac Newton. The foremost institute of mechanical engineering, named as ‘Institution of Mechanical Engineers’, established in 1847 by the British (“A history of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1847-1947 / by R.H. Parsons | National Library of Australia”, 2018). Electrical engineering is considered to be its successor for development when William Gilbert introduced the term ‘Electricity’ in the 17^th century. However, the profound base of electrical engineering was developed by Alessandro Volta, when he developed the “voltaic pile”, an electric battery in 1800 (Prodromakis, 2013). Later on, the works of Georg Ohm, James Clerk Maxwell, Michael Faraday and other promising engineers in the 19^th century considered electrical engineering as a distinct entity in engineering.

Electrical engineering broke the ground for the development of various. Most noteworthy of them was Computer engineering. It was started in 1939 by Clifford Berry and Vincent Atanasoff developing the first computer (Diwate, 2016). Even though they could not complete the project, their works paved the way for further research and evolution in this field. Since then, varied sides of engineering have been brought into existence. For instance, software engineering, hardware engineering, electronics engineering, IT engineering, Mechatronics engineering, Robotics engineering and numerous other disciplines. Various more disciplines are in the development state on daily basis in the profession of engineering.

Cultural Associations

Levels of designing are grouped according to the distinctive perceptions in the thought. A few of those perspectives have been talked about in this section.

Dependence on Education level: Taking into consideration, the degree of education, following categories portrays different levels of education in the profession of engineering:

• Associates in Engineering
• Bachelors in Engineering(Nikishin, Krymov & Ivanova, 2016)
• Masters in Engineering(Meyer, Engelbrecht & Steyn, 2017)
• Doctorate in Engineering(Rosenberger & Drews, 2016)

Depending on the experience: Quantity of experience in the field of engineering can be categorised as the list below:

• Graduate Engineer (Fresher)
• Intermediate Engineer (experience of 2 – 5 years)
• Engineer (experience of 5 – 10 years)
• Senior Engineer (experience of greater than 10 years)
• Principal Engineer (experience of more than 15 years)

Depending upon the responsibility: The responsibilities entrusted on an engineer have been presented in the following list:

• Engineer (Responsible for the assigned work)
• Senior Engineer (Responsible for other engineers and their assigned project as well as self’s project.)
• Lead Engineer (Responsible for an entire discipline of engineering for a project)
• Chief Engineer (Responsible of all the leads of different disciplines.)
• Engineer manager (Have the responsibility of all the projects and other engineers.)

Owners of organisations and companies have comprehended that in order to increase the productivity of their firm, a definite philosophy within the firm is essential (lvesson & Sveningsson, 2015). Thus, it is only obvious that n engineering firm hires and incorporates that ideology into its employees. A culture in engineering is the collaboration of outlines, norms, rules and morals that the engineers belonging to the firms should follow at all costs (Fullan, 2014). Such cultural associations can be generated by making sure these measures are been implemented:

• Level headed discussions ought to be led between the utilized designers to determine new thoughts and strategies for getting things done.
• Humility ought to be prompted in the representatives to influence a group to work.
• Authority ought to be kept friendly be that as it may, with some overwhelming element to get to a conclusion.
• Rather than employing dedicated specialist firms ought to pick smart working individuals to construct a superior engineering society.
• The specialists ought to be made mindful of the compassion that the association’s client holds for the firm and their items. It encourages them to end up noticeably as a group and deliver according to the need.
• Designing society can be produced by instigating the specialists to investigate new advances. It will help them to learn new aptitudes and take care of issues by making new innovations.
• Engineering group ought to be given full authority over the activities they attempt and the building administration should just go about as a guide. Consequently, this will provide assistance to the group to build up the technique according to their capacities.
• Rewarding the work and effort put in by the employees or engineers to be specific, can help in constructing a relevant culture and developing truthfulness as far as work ethics are concerned.
• Feedbacks can be collected from the employees to acquire knowledge about their demands regarding the work, which in turn will increase the productivity of the organisation as a whole. Feedback of higher authorities should also be provided to employees to improve their productivity and to maintain an overall jubilant engineering culture in the firm.

As far as industries related to development are concerned, engineers are considered to be the foundation. They are also regarded as an essential part of the service industries. Various tasks that an engineer has in an industry are discussed as follows:

Research: An engineer or a group of specialists inside the organisation is/are to examine the products or administrations they are putting forth and decide the required change (Knight, 2014). They play out this reason by utilizing diverse logical ideas, inductive thinking, test systems and investigation of the offered items.

Development: Usage of findings from the exploration is the second part that a specialist needs to seek after inside the organisation. This part of a specialist can be extraordinarily advantageous to the firm since it has the capability to prompt advancement of a better item (Haase, 2014). In an electronic firm the after effects of the development can help developing a new electronic circuit. In a similar fashion another compound procedure or an electronic machine for the mechanical application can be produced in their own firms.

Design: The engineering of developing a product or even the structuring of an organisation’s unit is an engineer’s responsibility (Gosling et al., 2015). They have the need to select most appropriate technology for same purposes and also emphasise on getting the job done within the specified budget as provided by the organisation. To fulfil the required performance level and to fulfil the technical requirements engineers are held responsible for choosing the appropriate technique, procedure, appearance and material.

Roles and Responsibilities of Engineers in Industries

Construction: Engineers of any specific field have the responsibility of evaluating the sites, developing the sites and embracing the procedures that is both financially and technologically favourable to the purpose of the firm (Potts & Ankrah, 2014).

Operation: The engineer of a firm has the liability of operating and controlling the machines in the plants. Supplying the necessary requirements of power and fuel for the operations is the responsibility of an engineer. They make sure the whole process is executed in the right way.

Management: Some firms offer senior engineers the role of manager of the customer satisfaction team and the use of assets as well. They are accountable for leading teams and evaluating their respective progresses.

The duty of a foundation can be investigated by the way that an organization builds up the base of a calling. The organization teaches a person to end up noticeably an expert (Laguador, 2013). If focussed on the subject of the paper, it is evident that an understudy or a student gets his designing instruction from an organization that keeps a harmony amongst reasonable and hypothetical learning. In that case the understudies of the establishment will be prepared to contribute to their corporate responsibilities. Be that as it may, if the foundation maintains their attention for the most part on the hypothetical learning then the specialists created will be able to excel in the theoretical aspects but will fail to implement them on real life situations. Inverse outcomes can be resolved for students having more information in hand in their education life, as they will be beneficial yet they will not be able provide a through basis of literature of the concerned subject.

It can be concluded from the statements above, that institution plays the most significant part in the work progression of an engineer. The eminence of education received in an education institution is what defines the career of an engineer.  

According to an article published in Australia, quotes “What will happen tomorrow is uncertain. What seems clear is that the world’s society will continue to change”. (“The Future of Engineering and Engineers Australia | www.engineersaustralia.org.au”, 2018). It can be inferred from the quote that the prospect of amendments and those who are willing to make this happen is of paramount importance. The future prospects of engineers is vast and prosperous as the technological demands and development is all time high and in order to fulfil these demands, engineers are considered to be assets (Morkun & Hryshchenko, 2014). Furthermore, humanity has shifted its focus to exploration of the space and thus they are trying to develop various equipments while upgrading the existing ones (Özkaya, 2016). It would not be possible without the sound knowledge of the bases of this subject (Bronzino, 2014). Space exploration is not the only future aspect of this field. Engineers are accountable for enhancing the lifestyle of the general people (Stern, 2016). With the ever increasing population, engineers are burdened with the liability to inspire power for the common people (Chukwu et al., 2014). Having so much left to accomplish, the eventual fate of engineering is sheltered and will consistently be in existence.

Conclusion

San Nikuanu, a fish satchel seine vessel, which endured a spill of ammonia in the passage of pipe while angling in the Kiribati waters close to the Phoenix Group of Island, on the 7^th day of December, 2004 (“Maritime NZ”, 2018). The ship had left the shores of PagoPago, American Samoa on 15th October, 2004 (“Maritime NZ”, 2018). Two team endured ammonia char caused due to the venting of ammonia from a damaged pipeline as they got away from the pipe back street. Primary endeavors to separate the ammonia spill were unsuccessful because of high absorption of ammonia within the pipe back street and the threat it posed to group people. The Master arranged for the doors to be open for the ammonia to be vented (Tan et al., 2017). After around four hours the Chief Engineer could separate the burst pipe. During the span of leakage, around 4,000 lbs or 1814 kilograms of anhydrous fluid ammonia was released into the pipe back street (“Maritime NZ”, 2018). Transitory repairs were completed and the vessel continued the journey to Majuro which is located in the Marshall Islands to accomplish lasting repairs and supplant the ammonia adrift from the framework.

Three groups that also included the Chief Engineer were operating in the pipe back road to diminish brackish water temperatures in a situation when a minute ammonia gas spill was distinguished from a rusted segment of the release line from the beneficiary (Lee et al., 2015). The Chief of Engineer directed the Assistant of Engineer and Oiler to close the valves to separate the segment of pipe, while he went beneath the catwalk in order to check if there were additional spills. However, before the pipe could be secluded, it had already vented an extensive amount of harmful ammonia. Immediately, the Engineer requested the group to clear the pipe back road. As he cleared out, he shut the lord valves, in any case, the release proceeded as the venting pipe was not completely separated. The two teams who were in front of the leakage got away by running towards the back, through the releasing ammonia, and while doing so suffered burns from ammonia on their arms, calves and feet.

The Chief Engineer then went instantly at the extension, while the then present Assistant Engineer announced a declaration on the general population address framework in the motor room, exhorting that there was a noteworthy leakage in the pipe passageway. The Master announced the general caution and modified course to enable the breeze to vent spilling ammonia from the vessel. The group shifted towards the back of the bridge at the assemblage station and a head tally was conducted. Two of the members were absent. The Second Mate wore a chemical suit and a breathing apparatus (BA) and spotted the two crewmembers, who were conveyed to the assemblage station. The Chief Engineer at that point endeavored unsuccessfully to enter the pipe back road wearing a chemical suit and BA gear. Following the development, both the Chief and Assistant Engineer wore the chemical suits and BA gear and endeavored to shut down the venting ammonia with akin outcomes. A third endeavor by the Chief Engineer also failed to succeed. The endeavors could not succeed due to the hazardous level of ammonia and the threat of tearing the suits in the enclosed rear passage, they were not able to separate the venting channel. After the last endeavor, it was discovered that the all air in the BA bottles was already exhausted, making the chemical suits dysfunctional. The Master decided it was excessively risky, making it impossible to make further endeavors to get to the pipe back road and requested forward portals be opened, to vent the ammonia and enhance visibility. The vessel was situated with the breeze on the port side to encourage venting. After around 20 minutes the Chief Engineer could enter the pipe alley, wearing wet weather gear and a cartridge mask. He succeeded to successfully separate the releasing pipe. The sphere was left for a further four hours to vent, before any individual entered to repair. Subsequent to announcing the circumstance to the organization office in Auckland, advice was received regarding the repairing of the pipe. By the time clock struck 1800 hours, repairs were finished and the vessel was in progress on the way to Majuro for lasting repairs (“Maritime NZ”, 2018). The two wounded crew in the 7th December mischance, suffered moderate to minor chars on their legs and arms (Liu et al., 2014). The Oiler was quickly put in a shower for 50 minutes approximately and had gel swathes covering his injuries from fire; certain other members also underwent minor injuries and there were temporary medical facilities available on board.

This mishap was not conveyed to Maritime New Zealand as was necessary under the Maritime Transport Act. Nor was it conveyed to the Safe Ship Management (SSM) of the vessel’s Company as needed to be done under the vessel’s SSM framework. While Maritime New Zealand did implement certain conditions on the vessel at Auckland on 28^th day of May 2005 and a Maritime New Zealand controller questioned a section in the vessel’s log, the mishap was brought under Maritime New Zealand’s consideration (“Maritime NZ”, 2018). Over the span of this examination a past ammonia release and a resultant severe damage, were detected to have occurred on San Nikunau. This bears evidence to the fact that organization procedures for reporting accident to authority, were not followed accordingly in the given case. While the duty to report mischance remains with the Master, the organization is responsible for the fiasco of the Master to report the mishap.

The portion of pipe that cracked, was rusted heavily. The pipe, which beared the leakage, was not easily visible owing to its location behind giant condenser, pipes; it can be understood that the line was not inspected visually, at regular intervals, because of its remote location. Considering the genuine threat that ammonia poses, particular drills for ammonia leaks ought to be compulsory on angling vessels bearing ammonia. The employer must adopt steps that ensure the workplace safety of employees, this reduces the risk of accidents. The injuries could have been avoided, if the company had used better quality life saving appliances. The employers must also develop methods for dealing with emergencies, which may arise at any point of work.

A Suffolk man who lost portions of his fingers when his hand was sucked into a turning metal edge, at work, has obtained £200,000 in an out of court settlement (“Fentons Solicitors”, 2018). Nick Godwin, an expert genuine damage legal counselor at Fentons Solicitors LLP, has stated that the particular victim, in his thirties had been functioning as a service engineer at the time, which included repairing and overhauling modern plant diesel motors (“Fentons Solicitors”, 2018). On the destined day of his mishap, the victim was tuning a diesel generator at a farm in Kent, confirmed Nick. As he was checking the generator, he came across a wire-coincided monitor, which was fitted particularly to shield the administrator from a quick turning metal fan, was vehemently vibrating. Nick included that when the victim had set his right hand on the monitor to examine the vibration, the power from the fan had pulled his hand inwards, pulling his fingers through the gaps in the safety guard, separating the highest points of three of his fingers about somewhere between the two knuckles (Chinniah, 2015). The wedded father-of-two was taken to a nearby hospital hospital, with the help of an ambulance, where specialists figured out how to reattach his center finger, yet were not able to save his ring and index fingers, both of which were surgically removed the next day. The Health and Safety Executive was exceedingly disparaging of the farm at which the occurrence took place and thereafter initiated a prompt enquiry, putting a 21-day preclusion notice on the generators there (“Fentons Solicitors”, 2018). The generator which harmed the engineer, consequently failed to qualify in several safety tests and its monitor was observed to be totally inefficient. Later it was unfolded that the gaps between the mesh of the guard were significantly bigger than they must have been, and the guard was perilously close to the fan to keep the fingers of anybody, operating the generator, from being sucked through into the turning cutting edges; had the right monitor been set up, the victim’s mishap would have been successfully avoided. The lawyer informed that his customer still had leftover agony in his center finger and the joints of his hands were stiff and sensitive to the cold, at whatever point he worked outside. Nick stated that his client  has did lose some sensation from his and his grasp quality has been fundamentally decreased. The affected engineer remains distressed about the loss of his fingers and is greatly at pain about the distorted appearance of his hand. The victim has had broad hand treatment since losing his fingers and despite the fact that he has figured out how to adjust to regular living to certain extent, he battles with specific assignments, for example, fastening his shirt- included Nick. As an aftermath of his damage, he is not any more ready to go back to his past activity and despite the fact that he stays jobless at present, he is right now retaining with a view to set up his own particular business (Brauer, 2016). Despite the fact that both the victim’s employer and the insurers of the farm mysteriously denied obligation, they did male an offer of worth £200,000 to settle the impending claim, which the victim acknowledged (“Fentons Solicitors”, 2018).

The farm should have housed a safety unit, this could have prevented the accident (Swuste et al., 2014). Safety committees prioritize the safety measure education of employees. The committee constitutes of workmen (Reese, 2015). The committees warn the co-workers against unsafe practices, they investigate all accidents in the workplace and propose preventive measures, apart from these they also convey all suggestions and recommendations to the central safety department of the organization (King, 2016). They ensure the promotion of safety level in the workplace by inspecting the devices utilized by the workers to accomplish their assigned  Tasks.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is likely to be concluded from the above discussions that origination of engineering was resulted from particular prerequisites in society. Those particular requirements are wide in range and are probably going to include matters from military affairs to easygoing requirements. Engineering imparts clarifications to episodes that does not agree to traditional occurences of events; morals and ethical principles are two support systems that endorse engineering. The profession of engineering exercises massive influence over daily existence of people; additionally it helps one to get involved into relaxation exercises, for example, films, playthings and furthermore aids in the speciality of consolidating choral and instrumental reverberations to deliver articulation of feelings. Practice of engineering has been used for reconnaissance of actions of a faction or a person, to gather insight. The developments in this particular field, are believed to impact international affairs as well. Engineering incorporates presentation of transportation foundation, computing, blend of different materials and chemicals, mineral extraction and different other such mechanical headways so it may be stated that the domain of engineering practice is diverse. Engineering solutions are likely to be accessed in a way that proves advantageous to humankind. One engineer is probably going to bear a ton of obligations, the person is relied upon to settle on budgetary choices, scientific computations and moral verdicts as well. Essentially, the professionals do not merely deal with layouts, apparatus or circuit sheets; the discipline is not merely limited to the understanding of arithmetic and science. Engineers might be considered innovative, owing to the fact that they do both the errands of actualizing and starting new thoughts; those people are creative concern resolvers. This particular fact may appear as an astonishment, to the individuals who perceive engineering as conventional critical thinking. Development of engineering imagination takes place inside the prerequisites of business considerations, physical laws, the requirements of the client or manager, the law, society and ethics. Outlining ingenuity is frequently unrecognized, by the engineers themselves. To ensure that their layouts are sheltered and sound, engineers fall back upon science and procedures for examination. The discipline must be assessed in accordance with the role it carries out in societal sphere, and an expert’s role as a professional should be fathomed with respect to the person’s work within an association, and eventually within societal sphere. As one architect, an individual may be related with courses of action; an engineer may transform into a high official, and obtain exceptional tasks of organizing the labours of a faction of people. The individual might possess exceptional commitments to ensure that work is carried out alongside wellbeing procedures, or to ensure that their executions are not harming the planet, which they inhabit.

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