Briefing Note 1

The National Health Service was established in the year 1948 with a view that health care needed a planned execution rather than an erratic and random charity. It was realized that the existing services were not up to the mark and required immediate sorting. However, this understanding received more highlight after the emergency that arose due to world war 2. The world war and its associated issues forced the government to rethink the strategies that can refurbish the whole health service system. All these understanding and occurrences led to the origin of England as a welfare state in health and social care delivery (Thane 2016).

The key principles that led to the origin of health care in England are as follows (Nhs.uk, 2017)

The first vital principle states that irrespective of race, creed, religion, gender, the Health service was framed to diagnose and improve the physical and mental health conditions of the citizens. The health care services have an obligation that it must respect human rights and promote equality among the people.

The access to the healthcare service must be based on an individual health requirements and not on a person’s ability to pay. Most of the health services are free, except in some circumstances as directed by the Parliament.

The National health services aspires to provide high standards of health both professionally and with excellence.

The national health care services prioritize patients as the core of the aspiration. The health service promotes that individuals must manage their own health.

The national health services work in collaboration and in accordance with the other health care organizations for the benefit of the patients, wider population and communities. The health care services reflect the values and principles as present in the constitution.

The national health care services are committed and obliged to provide the best healthcare at the cost of the taxpayer’s money.

The national healthcare services hold the accountability to the general public, patients and the communities to whom it provides the health services.

The main principles that led to the origin of social care in England can be attributed to the development of department of health and the various principles are as follows (Scie.org.uk, 2017):

To effectively deliver social care the children, young individuals and their parents are considered to be as individuals that have specific needs and potentialities.

The children that are the most vulnerable part of the society must be considered to protection from exploitation, abuse and neglect.

The wishes of the young people must be taken in to account seriously.

Time is a vital element or part of childcare and must be delivered within days and months rather than years.

To ensure that child gets a proper environment in home, and receives the necessary services that are essential for its growth.

The basic needs can be easily met, however the certain important social care demands specialized intervention.  

Humans are the most intelligent beings on earth and due to the several anthropogenic activities, the effects are adversely affecting the humans and their different stages in the life cycle. The different stages in the life cycle are subdivided into 12 parts and the various health and social care needs are as follows:

Briefing Note 2

Infancy- in the initial years, the child gets exposed to the various family members. Thus, these are the people from whom the child will learn and try to copy. Hence, parents need to talk and play with the child so that the child can start to communicate with them. This step is essential because if the child does not start talking, then they will fail to communicate and remain isolated. So, to rectify this issue the child needs to attend the baby and mother groups to increase the talking intensity. The health needs of the infants require a family physician or a pediatrician. However, the importance of doctors is the first priority, the next important health needs involve frequent checkups and vaccinations (Bates 2014).

Childhood- During the childhood the most important thing that they learn since their infant stage is communicating with the other children. During this stage, the child gains knowledge to treat every other person equally even if they are belonging from a different religion, race and gender. However, if the child lacks the social skills, then that specific child lacks the knowledge to communicate with other people and would rather choose to avoid conversations. Thus, children when are old enough must be sent to the kindergarten schools so that they can develop the social skills and a sense of independence. However, at this stage of lifecycle, there exists a wide range of mental, psychological and physical health issues that needs special care. The several health problems that arise are related to breathing, metabolism, chronic pain, blood circulation, seeing and hearing with assisted devices (Brandt, Deindl and Hank 2012).

Adolescence- during this stage the adolescents try to become independent of the parents. They begin to do things together is a group, be it addiction or studying. Thus, this stage is actively seen teenagers getting affected from the peer pressure. Also, another important aspect is that the teenagers often enter into relations thinking that they need someone in them to fulfil and at the same time they try to judge things on the basis of what is good and what is bad for them. The health needs at this stage signifies the attainment of puberty and the various health issues associated with the onset of puberty (Arnett 2014).

Adulthood- this is the stage that is marked with adults developing job skills, and entering into relationships and finally gets married. The relationships with the parents change because the adults now have their own family. The health needs at this stage relates to the stress that comes with maintaining a family, like the increased blood pressure, diabetes, cholesterol (Arnett, Žukauskien? and Sugimura 2014).

Later Adulthood- At this stage of the life cycle, a person become old. Here, more than the family, it is the friends that always give the company. Thus, the more number of friends that a person had during his adulthood benefits from it. Whereas, at this old age there are several health implications that plague the old people. They feel isolated by the family, stay depressed, eyes become weak and needs assistance to move around. The body’s immunity fails to function properly which eventually results into the incidence of several diseases (Tanner and Arnett 2016). 

Briefing Note 3

Vulnerability is the extent or the degree up to which an individual, population or an organization is unable to handle, anticipate, recover and resist, from the impacts of the negative health outcomes or a human made disaster. In United Kingdom, vulnerable person can be defined as a person who is at risk from the several circumstances that is occurring in his life. There are several examples of a vulnerable person, it includes elderly people, mentally retarded or ill person, homeless and underage people (Wolf et al. 2013).

Safeguarding describes the protection provided to the people’s wellbeing and health as well as human rights. Thus, enabling the people on earth to live a life without the neglect, abuse and harm. Safeguarding against all the evils of the evils of the society, environment and availing a quality of social and health care (Boland, Burnage and Scott 2014).

There are six principles of safeguarding and is meant to safeguard the adults (southglos.gov.uk, 2017):

• Empowerment- people are being encouraged and supported so that they can make their own decision and thus this enable people to give a detailed consent.
• Prevention- the best practice is to take precautionary step before the occurrence of any harm or risk.
• Proportionality- the process that causes the least amount of problems and disruptions are presented for solving a risk.
• Protection- providing the necessary representation and support for the people that are in greatest need.
• Partnership- Providing community based solutions for the affected people, by the workers that are associated with the community. Thus, enhancing the detection of problem, reporting and it active prevention.
• Accountability- Bringing in transparency and accountability in the practice of safeguarding.

From the above principle of one example can be cited which is in accordance with the safeguarding the vulnerable adults from the abuse. Abuses can be conducted by any individual, be it friends, loved ones, strangers, health staff and social staff providing healthcare. The abuse may come in the form of emotional, financial, neglect, institutional, physical, discriminatory. However, the people that change their normal appearances routines and personality often experience abuse. While if a person is experiencing abuse, then they must reveal it to the police, district nurse or a social worker. The Lewisham Safeguarding Adults Board actively looks after the abuse cases and have representatives like social worker, police health workers that look after the issues. The board functions to reduce abuse by rolling out plans and responding to the cases actively and also learns from the previous experiences (Lewisham.gov.uk 2017). 

Reference

Arnett, J.J., 2014. Adolescence and emerging adulthood. Boston, MA: Pearson.

Arnett, J.J., Žukauskien?, R. and Sugimura, K., 2014. The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), pp.569-576.

Bates, E., 2014. The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy. Academic Press.

Boland, B., Burnage, J. and Scott, A., 2014. Protecting against harm: safeguarding adults in general medicine. Clinical Medicine, 14(4), pp.345-348.

Brandt, M., Deindl, C. and Hank, K., 2012. Tracing the origins of successful aging: the role of childhood conditions and social inequality in explaining later life health. Social science & medicine, 74(9), pp.1418-1425.

Lewisham.gov.uk (2017). Safeguarding vulnerable adults. [online] Lewisham.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.lewisham.gov.uk/myservices/socialcare/adult/safety/Pages/Safeguarding-adults.aspx [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017].

Nhs.uk (2017). The principles and values of the NHS in England – NHS Choices. [online] Nhs.uk. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/nhsengland/thenhs/about/pages/nhscoreprinciples.aspx [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017].

Scie.org.uk. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.scie.org.uk/publications/positionpapers/pp04/values.pdf?res=true [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017].

southglos.gov.uk (2017). The Six Safeguarding Principles | Safeguarding. [online] Safeguarding. Available at: https://sites.southglos.gov.uk/safeguarding/adults/i-work-with-adults/six-safeguarding-principles/ [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017].

Tanner, J.L. and Arnett, J.J., 2016. The new life stage between adolescence and young adulthood. Routledge Handbook of Youth and Young Adulthood.

Thane, P., 2016. The foundations of the welfare state. Routledge.

Wolf, S., Hinkel, J., Hallier, M., Bisaro, A., Lincke, D., Ionescu, C. and Klein, R.J., 2013. Clarifying vulnerability definitions and assessments using formalisation. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 5(1), pp.54-70.