Introduction and Background

ICT has become a wide area and topic as the advancements of technology are growing very rapidly. The term computer means that it is a programmable device that is electronic and that performs some mathematical calculations and operations which are logic by processing, storing and retrieving very large amounts of information very fast.

Chronological Development of Computer Networks Technology

Year	Development	Technology Images Save Time On Research and Writing Hire a Pro to Write You a 100% Plagiarism-Free Paper. Get My Paper
1940	A history developer by name George Stibitz used a machine that was named teletype for where he sent some instructions set of problem from the telephony to the complex calculator he owned and he ended up receiving the same means backs.
1950’s	The early networks of communications in computers included systems such as the military radar and the SAGE(Semi-automatic Ground Environment) which are known to have emerged in the early 50’s
1960	The commercial reservation system of the airline for SABRE as they went online after having two frames interconnected
1962	This was linking up the output systems such as the teletypewriters to computers and this became an interest at ARPA when they hired Licklider and developed a group named Intergalactic Computer Network.
1964	The researchers Dartmouth came up with a development of a system that had time-sharing in those systems that were distributed especially computer systems that were large
1965	Two guys named Marill and Roberts led in the creation of WAN. At this year the telephone switch used true computers controls which was started by Western Electric.
1972	Deployment of Commercial Services using the X.25 which was later used as the underlying infrastructure to expand the TCP/IP networks.
1991	There was the creation of the home broadband.
1996	the invention of the 56K modem by DT Townshend
2001	Entry of Home Broadband to the usage of the mainstream and it later grew rapidly compared to the internet-dial-up services
2009	Invention of the 10Gigabit Ethernet (GE)
2010	The 100 gigabit Ethernet standard was fully completed.

Table 2 chronological development of computer networks

Human Centric Design Approach (Past)

The invention of telegraph, the radio and the telephone set the stage for computers that unprecedented the integration of the capabilities. In the current era, the most and the extensively used model is the Transmission Control protocol. It is good to know there is a generic protocol model that is used to describe the network communications which is referred to as Open System interconnection model (OSI) which has been useful to compare and contrast the different protocols.

OSI model is the model for the standard of the international organisation for the standardization. The Designated ISO/IEC 7498-1 has seven Layers as shown in the figure below.

Figure 1 the OSI Model Seven Layer

TCP/IP model is the model in computer networks that was developed in the early 1960s by (DOD) as the ARPA with the effort of trying to build a national wide packet of data network [1].  TCP/IP is the protocol that is layered which rarely use the layers of OSI, however the layers are the same in operating and functioning. The layer of TCP/IP in network corresponds to the first 2 layers of OSI model [2]. Its IP Layer is compared to third layer in the OSI model. Lastly the host to host layers are correspondent to layer four of the OSI model.

Figure 2 The TCP/IP Model seven Layers

The TCP/IP approach layer has packaged the data in to packets where a header is attached to the data including the destination and the source addresses, the sequence number, the acknowledgement number with a check sum which is used for detecting errors and corrections [1]. A good example is as shown in the diagram below.

Figure 3 the header attached to the data.

Evolution of Computer network Components

1. Mouse

Programmers may need no mouse when using the computer but the other novices must use one. Mouse has developed over time going back in the last 45 yrs. The invention of the mouse was done by Douglas Engelbart in the year 1964 which was made of a wooden shell, the circuit board and the two metal wheels that in to contacts with the surface it was used upon. The ball replaced the wheel after 8 years and this one is capable of monitoring the movement in any direction [4].

1. GUI

UI is the body of the software’s i.e. the applications, website or the mobiles applications. The UI has been involved in a long journey as shown in the figure below.

Figure 4 User Interface Journey

The first user interface was developed in the year 1962. It was the computer first game spacewar. The year 1983 the first GUI was developed Apple Lisa [5].

1. Keyboard

The first keyboard layout to be developed was the QWERTY layout that was invented in the year 1867 by an American known as the Latham Sholes [6]. There are other keyboards that has evolved from QWERTY layout and some of them have been stated below.

Routing Protocols

There are three major routing protocols types as explained below.

1. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) – is a protocol type that is very forceful and is used WAN and LANs. RIP can be categorized and classified in to interior Gateway protocol and which was uses the algorithm of distance vector.
2. Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) – the distance IGRP vector makes. In this case the router is responsible for exchanging the data for routing with a system that is independent.
3. Open Shortest Past First (OSPF) – is a routing protocol that is active and that is used in IPl. The OSPF is known to be operating inside a distinct autonomous system.
4. Exterior gateway protocol- unlike the vectors distance in RIP it has a topology that look like a tree[7].
5. The other routing protocols are such as the:
   • Enhanced Interior gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
   • Border gateway protocol.
   • Intermediate System-to-intermediate System (IS-IS)

Internet speed comparison past, present and future

Table 3 Internet speed comparisons

Modern day ergonomics of computers.

There are so many recommended ergonomics of computer that are approved to help in creating a working environment to help protect one health. The following is brief stating and illustrations of such Ergonomics [9].

1. The length of the use of such a computer then one can optimize the size, shape and the adjustable features that are necessary
2. The type of the computer
3. The chair that is being used for posture and much more the desk where one uses for leaning and placing the computer devices.
4. The positioning of the monitor starting with the angle, centering, the height, distance for viewing, screen quality among others.
5. The type of the work
6. The location of the computer as well as the sitting posture

Future computer Networks and computer networking technologies

The term networking has been defined as the connection of the system of computers for information sharing. Technology has been advancing everyday which has demanded more than even the household systems we own. The following are some of the future computer network and networking technologies.

1. Software define Networking (SDN) – this is the cloud-based software that has been allowing the management of any given network from a single and central point.
2. 5G and the supported applications- there is a lot of predictions that 5G is the next step in creating a wireless technology.
3. Micro-service Architecture – this refers to small modules which are independent within the applications or software’s.
4. 4D- this an attempt that has been trying to eliminate the need for having internet protocol existing today. The 4D will restructure the packets in to four network planes decision, dissemination, and discovery and data planes respectively.
5. Open network Switches which is anticipated in offering the flexibility and interchanging the equipment from the single hardware device to another[10].

Conclusion

The above report has based its study on the way computer networks have evolved from the first experienced that people can communicate using a network.  In understanding the journey of computer networks there was a need to look at the chronological development of the technology from the earliest days to what we anticipate to have in the future. The other area that was looked upon in the study was the evolution of computing network accessories and the types of the routing protocols. In the modern era, there is a need to understand that technology has really advanced rapidly and in ways we cannot imagine when one compares the internet speed from the past to what we have now.  In conclusion the report has briefly illustrated on the modern day ergonomics and the future of computer networks and networking technologies such as the internet of things, Cloud computing and SDN.

References

[1]	N. Lippi’s, ” Ethernet in Campus Networking,” GPON vs Gigabit, vol. 12, pp. 11-17, 2012.
[2]	T. Joe, An Overview of GPON in the Access Network, Miami: presentation for Ericsson, 2008.
[3]	F. Louis, “Principles of Electronic Communication Systems,” in McGrawHill, NewYork City, 2008.
[4]	Hello-World, “The History of The Computer Mouse,” Center for computing history, 2011.
[5]	R. Lal, “Evolution of User Interface,” in DIGITAL WEB & DESIGN INNOVATION SUMMIT , San Francisco, 2013.
[6]	Ashwin, Evolution Of Keyboards: Why Is Qwerty The Most Preferred Keyboard?, Chicago: Science ABC, 2014.
[7]	Wimaxinfo, “Routing Protocols Types (RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EGP, EIGRP, BGP, IS-IS),” freewimaxinfo, 12 November 2014.
[8]	B. P. Eha, “Technology,” An Accelerated History of Internet Speed (Infographic), vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1-7, 2013.
[9]	Pittsbury-University, “ARRANGING A COMPUTER WORKSTATION: RECOMMENDATIONS,” university of Pittsburgh, 12 October 2017.
[10]	M. Wert, “Networking,” future Trends in Networking, pp. 12-17, 03 November 2016.