Literature Review

Discuss about the Impact of work on GPA of International Students.

The part time job, which is familiar among the students who are pursuing relevant studies, has helped in enhancing the skills of the individuals in the different aspects. The part time work gives an opportunity to the students to perform field jobs to enhance their skills and experience, which helps in the latter part to design their career. The differences in the statistics of the male over the female’s involvement in the part time jobs are dependent on the question of the fulfillment of their daily needs while pursuing the education in the different fields. The change of needs has insisted the students to take up part time jobs based on their intentions. The question of the needs of the students is unavoidable while considering the context of their early employment in the different section of the workforce. The perception that the international male candidates are more likely to be employed in the different part time works while pursuing their education than the female candidates. On the other hand, the manner in which the GPA (Grade point average) of the candidates is affected through their indulgence in the different part time job roles is again a point of discussion in this context. 

The research aims to explore the different manner in which the part time jobs affect the GPA of the students who are indulged in the different part time jobs while pursuing their academic careers. On the other hand, the involvement of the male members to the part time jobs is also being examined as a part of the research that is undertaken.

Impact of part time work on the GPA of the international students

Spiegler and Bednarek  (2013) stated that the part time work helps the students in the international markets to gain experience and thereby brush up their skills in a particular industry. It helps in enhancing the scopes of e4mployability of the students in the future through the identification of their experiences in the different sectors of the industry. However, Robb, Moody and Abdel-Ghany  (2012) argued that the involvement of the students in the different part time jobs affects their academics and GPA. The different situations that are faced by the students while entertaining the responsibilities that are entrusted upon them by their part time recruiters affects their academic studies as the students get too much involved in the job practices. According to a research undertaken by Liao, Ferdenzi and Edlin  (2012) some 74% of the students are benefitted through the part time work while pursuing their academic careers. In a questionnaire prepared by the author through the sampling of 118 students of an university, it was observed that the field job helped them in identifying and thereby enhancing their professional skills, which will be helping them to get employed after they finish their academic courses. On the other hand, Wolff, Wood-Kustanowitz and  Ashkenazi  (2014) opined that the students spend most of their time in the part time jobs thinking it to be real time which affected their academic studies more abruptly. However, Jewkes,  Flood and Lang  (2015) stated that the identification of the different needs of the students to pursue their education as expatriates is facilitated through the part time jobs. The part time jobs have helped in supporting the financial abilities of the students and thereby encouraging them to undertake higher studies.

International male students work more hours than international female students

Robb, Moody and Abdel-Ghany  (2012) stated in the research that part time  jobs helps in enhancing the capabilities of the students to get employed in the different sections of the organizations after they complete their academic studies. Spiegler and Bednarek  (2013) opined that the part time jobs offers the students with a scope of undertaking field jobs to identify the issues at a younger age and thereby helps them in coming up with strategies to mitigate the issues. Mounsey, Vandehey and Diekhoff  (2013) opined that mostly the students who gets indulged in the functions of the organization before getting the proper degrees might affect the employability of the students in the future. Darolia  (2014) argued that the identification of the needs of the students relating to their financial capabilities is supported through the part time jobs.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the academic career of the international students depends on the part time jobs, which helps in enhancing the skills and the abilities of the individuals to be employed in future. Experience and the skills of the people helps in maintaining the different levels of changes in the performance of the students and the manner in which they might excel in the global competitive markets.  

International male students work more hours than international female students

The involvement of the male students in the part time jobs is researched to be greater than the involvement of the female candidates, which again depends on the discrimination factors. Kahu  (2013) stated in a research that the international male students are more involved in the varied part time jobs. A survey that was taken by the author where the university students were made to answer a short questionnaire portrayed that the likelihood of males getting involved in a part time job while pursuing their academic studies is more than that of the female candidates. The reason for the same was found to be the exceeding need of the male students relating to the financial systems to continue their education overseas. On the other hand, Tessema, Ready and Malone  (2012) stated that there is a common discrimination among the employers based on the prejudiced belief that men are more likely to handle critical situations.

According to Liao, Ferdenzi and Edlin  (2012), through a study of a statistical report, some 57% of the part time jobs are being held by the male candidates. It however, does not reflect the whole amount of the male candidates holding the different part time job roles while pursuing their education in the different disciplines. According to Robb, Moody and Abdel-Ghany  (2012), the part time job roles helps in enhancing the experience and the  likelihood of getting into a job profile in the near future after the completion of the respective courses. The activities that are undertaken by the students during the field works helps them to be prepared for the different situations that might be faced by them while undertaking their real time jobs. Wolff, Wood-Kustanowitz and  Ashkenazi  (2014) stated that the involvement of the male members in the job roles are dependent on the identification of the employer’s psychology to recruit the male members, trusting that they have better capabilities of handling difficult situations.

Kahu  (2013) stated that part time employment among the student is a growing trend nowadays. It is in fact, argued that people who are working less than 30 hours per week are defined as part time employee. As a matter of fact, people of the age between 15 and 20 are reported to be worked in a greater number than others. In respect to this, it is important to understand the gender differentiation among male and female part time employment rates. The empirical studies show that part time jobs are more popular among the international male students in compare to their female counterparts.

However,  Mounsey, Vandehey and Diekhoff  (2013) argued that women are not less likely to get jobs as a part time basis irrespective of having equal qualification. According to Spiegler and Bednarek  (2013), the private organisations favour men more than women not because of possessing a prejudiced mentality but they have a perception that men perform better in certain jobs than women. In this regards, the question of gender discrimination comes into play. However,  Tessema,   Ready and Astani  (2014) opined that it is not about gender discrimination among male and females rather it is the fundamental feature related to biology. There are certain works like hard working jobs that can only be done by male employees.

Besides this, putting focus on the trend among the male students to get a part time job is more frequent than the female students. According to Groysberg and Abrahams  (2014) the recent studies show that there are 35 percent female students who want to get part time jobs as a student where as the male students dominate the part time job sectors with holding a number of jobs. In this regards, MacCann, Fogarty and Roberts (2012) advocated that the female students are not fond of shift jobs and they are reluctant to do jobs in a low wage condition. As a matter of fact,  ewkes,  Flood and Lang  (2015) opines that there are a number of critical factors that the women require while doing job in a part time basis. The critical factors can be identified as poor wage in the part time job sectors and the health issues. However, for their male counterparts it is not a problem to do job in a shift manner. Darolia  (2014) argued that  it is not about a gender discrimination in the international part time jobs. The female students are more serious about their study whereas the male students take their school curriculum in a relaxed way and more flexible to seek a job for their pocket money.

Conclusion

Therefore, from the above analysis it might be stated that the part time jobs helps in defining the potentials of the students and making them aware of the same to uphold future prospects of employability. The differences in the employability of the male members over the female candidates help in perceiving the typical behavior of the recruiters who discriminates as per the gender in the workforce. The differences in the workforce are affected through the identification of the needs of the students to gain experience and knowledge of the different situations while attaining their higher education. The part time jobs help in supporting the expatriate students financially to pursue their higher education. It also helps students to take the burden of expenses in the foreign lands while educating themselves. It also helps them in enhancing the scopes of getting into better job profiles through the experience and skills through the prior job roles in the future. The male versus female employability in a part time job environment is based on the prejudiced mental setup of the recruiters who believes that the male candidates are more likely to handle critical situations.

References

Darolia, R. (2014). Working (and studying) day and night: Heterogeneous effects of working on the academic performance of full-time and part-time students. Economics of Education Review, 38, 38-50.

Groysberg, B., & Abrahams, R. (2014). Manage your work, manage your life. Harvard Business Review, 92(3), 58-66.

Jewkes, R., Flood, M., & Lang, J. (2015). From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: a conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls. The Lancet, 385(9977), 1580-1589.

Kahu, E. R. (2013). Framing student engagement in higher education. Studies in higher education, 38(5), 758-773.

Liao, H. A., Ferdenzi, A. C., & Edlin, M. (2012). Motivation, self-regulated learning efficacy, and academic achievement among international and domestic students at an urban community college: A comparison. The Community College Enterprise, 18(2), 9.

MacCann, C., Fogarty, G. J., & Roberts, R. D. (2012). Strategies for success in education: Time management is more important for part-time than full-time community college students. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(5), 618-623.

Mounsey, R., Vandehey, M., & Diekhoff, G. (2013). Working and non-working university students: Anxiety, depression, and grade point average. College Student Journal, 47(2), 379-389.

Robb, C. A., Moody, B., & Abdel-Ghany, M. (2012). College student persistence to degree: The burden of debt. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 13(4), 431-456.

Spiegler, T., & Bednarek, A. (2013). First-generation students: what we ask, what we know and what it means: an international review of the state of research. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 23(4), 318-337.

Tessema, M. T., Ready, K. J., & Astani, M. (2014). Does part-time job affect college students’ satisfaction and academic performance (GPA)? The case of a mid-sized public university. International Journal of Business Administration, 5(2), 50.

Tessema, M., Ready, K., & Malone, C. (2012). Effect of gender on college students’ satisfaction and achievement: The case of a midsized Midwestern public university. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(10).

Wolff, B. G., Wood-Kustanowitz, A. M., & Ashkenazi, J. M. (2014). Student performance at a community college: Mode of delivery, employment, and academic skills as predictors of success. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 10(2), 166.