Body systems or components of body systems

1. Make a list of six (6) common disorders and conditions for each of the following body systems or components of body systems.

Body systems or components of body systems Save Time On Research and Writing Hire a Pro to Write You a 100% Plagiarism-Free Paper. Get My Paper	Six (6) common disorders and conditions for each of the following body systems or components of body systems
a. Musculoskeletal system	Carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, epicondylitis, bone fractures, rheumatoid arthritis, tendinitis.
b. Skin Save Time On Research and Writing Hire a Pro to Write You a 100% Plagiarism-Free Paper. Get My Paper	Psoriasis, acne, Eczema, skin cancer, dermatitis, impetigo, vitiligo
c. Cardiovascular system	Heart failure, stroke, hypertension, heart failure, atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy
d. Respiratory system	Bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, pneumonia.
e. Gastrointestinal system	Hemorrhoids, ulcerative colitis, crohn’s disease, diverticulitis, celiac disease, gallstones
f. Ear	Tinnitus, meniere’s disease, otitis, conductive hearing loss, vestibular disease, dizziness.
g. Eye	Glaucoma, cataract, blindness, conjunctivitis, far-sightedness, near-sightedness
h. Nervous system	Multiple sclerosis, brain damage, Guillain-Barres syndrome, Alzeheimer’s disease, Epilepsy, stroke, cerebral palsy
i. Endocrine system	Hypothyroidism, diabetes, adrenal insufficiencies, parathyroid disease, Cushing disease. gigantism, hyperthyroidism
j. Urinary system	Cystitis, kidney stones, urinary incontinence, kidney failure, glomerulonephritis, bladder cancer
k. Reproductive system	Fibroids, hydrocele, prostate cancer, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cancer.

1. What is incentive spirometry? How can incentive spirometry and peak flow assist in diagnosis of conditions and disorders? (in 120 – 150 words).

Incentive spirometry is a maneuver done by encouraging patient with visual feedback about inspiratory volume from a spirometer so that they can produced sustained maximum inhalation (Paiva et.al 2015, pp. 76-78). It reduces the risk of pulmonary consolidation and atelectasis. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosis can be ascertained by determining the ration of forced expiratory to forced vital capacity. Incentive spirometry can also be used to diagnose asthma and restrictive lung disease. peak flow is performed to demonstrate the maximum flow of air and can be useful in diagnosing asthma. The score in spirometry is usually lower in cases where the airways are inflamed on constricted due to asthma. Peak flow test can be less accurate than spirometry but can help in knowing what worsen asthma, if the treatments are working and when to seek care (Anagnostou, Harrison, Iles, and Nasser 2012, p. 71)

1. Identify and describe five (5) characteristics of critical thinking.
2. Reasonable and rational – critical thinking does not just rush to conclusions. The matter has to be thought through first to ascertain the reality. For example, data such as vital signs, has to be collected and analysed first
3. Reflective – the facts and evidence should be weighed. For example, does the client have past medical history of hypertension?
4. Inquisitive- critical thinking requires one to know more about something. It utilizes the 5WH; who, what, when, why, which and how.
5. Includes fair thinking – it is not biased. It considers the opinion of others as well.
6. Involves use of creative thinking- this is whereby one come up with ideas to solve problems as they come

1. Briefly describe the differences between critical thinking, creative thinking and problem-solving (in 70 – 100 words).

Critical thinking is the process of being able to rationalize, analyze, evaluate and interpret information to make informed judgements (Halpern, 2013. Creative thinking involves coming up with fresh ideas or solutions to solve a specific problem. Problem solving on the other hand is the process of getting solutions to complex issues that arises. It involves the use of generic methods in an orderly manner to come up with the solutions to problems.

1. Refer to the resources for the Core Standards for nurses who support people with a disability (NSW Family and Community Services) and access the Standard

1. Briefly describe in your own words what the Standard means to nurses.

When supporting people with a disability, there are a lot of challenges that may be faced. These standards therefore are set to ensure the care being delivered to the disabled is patient-centered. These standards also ensure that nurses who are allowed to care for such individuals meet the appropriate criteria before they are allowed to care for them. These standards therefore mean that caring for people with disability is not taken lightly since a lot of things has to be considered.Also standards makes nurses work according to professional ethics and guidelines this reduces chances of negligence and unethical issues .

1. Identify the issues nurses need to consider when supporting a person with type 2 diabetes.

Various issues need to be considered when caring for a diabetic patient. The life style and diet of the individual should be modified accordingly for better outcomes. Exercise should be encouraged for such a person. There should also be close monitoring of the blood sugar. Moreover, the psychological aspect should also be considered and the patient be managed well.

1. Identify the issues nurses need to consider when supporting a person with constipation.

The nurse should encourage the patient to eat a diet which s high on fibre each day. Natural remedy like walking will also help to keep the bowels moving. The nurse may also encourage the patient toke plenty of fluids.

1. Complete the following table summarising the specific diagnostic tests for diagnosis of common conditions and disorders of various body systems.

Common conditions and disorders	Diagnostic tests
a. Stroke or a person showing signs of a transient ischemic attack	CT scan of head and MRI
b. Myocardial infarction	Blood test for troponin and electrocardiogram
c. Asthma	Spiroometry and methacholine challenge test
d. Diabetis mellitus	Blood sugar test both random and fasting
e. Urinary tract infection	Complete blood counts and urine culture
f. Colorectal cancer	CT scanning  of colon and rectum,biopsy of both rectum and colon
g. Cervical cancer	Pap smear tests and cervical screening
h. Osteoporosis	Bone mineral density test
i. Skin cancer	Skin biopsy for scanning

1. Complete the following table summarising the nursing interventions associated with reproductive and urinary system disorders and conditions.

Conditions and disorders	Nursing interventions (three specific interventions)
a. Breast cancer	Educating the patient concerning his or her condition and proper communication. Appropriate management of symptoms such as pain either pharmacologically or non-pharmacologically. Psychological support of the patient as the disease is a lifelong condition.
b. Prostate cancer	supporting the patient psychologically especially concerning his sexual and urinary function. Educating the patient on his condition and the expected outcome after treatment. Management of symptoms especially pain.
c. Urinary tract infection	Ensuring that the patient takes antimicrobials as prescribed. Proper hygiene to prevent further infections. Management of pain pharmacologically or non-pharmacologically.
d. Urinary retention	If it is caused by prostatic hyperplasia, then surgery is preferred. Encouraging the patient to perform regular exercises. Using medications such as alpha blockers will help.

Russel has an indwelling urinary catheter in situ to manage urinary incontinence. The catheter has blocked and has not been replaced. There is a lot of sediment in the urine.

Russel’s condition is deteriorating and he is finding it difficult to cope with his physical health condition, and increased dependency on others to carry out his health care needs. The health care practitioners including nurses often struggle to convince Russel and his family members to make appropriate treatment and management decisions. Russel’s family members have conflicting interests and they often engage in rude communication with nurses. The family members are not understanding the need to intervene promptly to avoid further complications in Russel’s situation. Informal conflict resolution has to date failed in bringing the family members’ attention to the issue.

1. What procedure is recommended in managing Russel’s blocked catheter?

The best way to manage the blocked catheter is to remove the catheter and insert a new one especially if there is an infection. Another way to manage Russel’s catheter is by performing catheter washouts with acidic catheter solutions. This will help dissolve the encrusted materials which might have blocked the catheter as it is the most common form of catheter blockage. Filling the catheter balloon with antimicrobial agent instead of water is also of great importance. This prevents encrustation and therefore no catheter blockage.

1. How could mediation and negotiation be applied as conflict resolution strategies in this situation in identifying and communicating Russel’s deteriorating condition? (in 40 – 70 words).

Ascending urinary tract infections are the most common infection in people with indwelling catheters (Nicolle, 2014, p. 23). Giving antimicrobials through the catheter to Russel will help eliminate infections caused. Systemic antibiotics are also of great benefit as most infections are bacterial infections. Appropriate heath education to Russel’s family members is important. They should be informed about the disease condition of Russel and a clear explanation on complications if the condition will not be managed. This will help the family members change their minds.

1. Who will you promptly report concerns to in relation to the deteriorating client?

The closest family member

References

Anagnostou, K., Harrison, B., Iles, R. and Nasser, S., 2012. Risk factors for childhood asthma deaths from the UK Eastern Region Confidential Enquiry 2001–2006. Primary Care Respiratory Journal, 21(1), p.71.

Halpern, D.F., 2013. Thought and knowledge: An introduction to critical thinking. Psychology Press.

Nicolle, L.E., 2014. Catheter associated urinary tract infections. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 3(1), p.23.

Paiva, D.N., Assmann, L.B., Bordin, D.F., Gass, R., Jost, R.T., Bernardo-Filho, M., França, R.A. and Cardoso, D.M., 2015. Inspiratory muscle training with threshold or incentive spirometry: Which is the most effective?. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia (English Edition), 21(2), pp.76-8