Description
Identify the four requirements for protection from underground installations (4 points).Identify the full requirement for means of egress from trench excavations.Identify the full requirement for protection from exposure to vehicle traffic.Identify the full requirement for protection from exposure to falling loads.Identify the full requirement for warning system for mobile equipment.Identify the full requirement for testing of hazardous atmospheres in relation to oxygen deficiency.Identify the full requirement for protection from water accumulation 29 CFR 1926.651(h)(1).Identify the full requirement for stability of structures 29 CFR 1926.651(i)(2)(iii).What is the requirement for protecting employees from material which could fall or roll into excavation?How often must a daily inspection be conducted? Provided the definition of the designation of person that conducts excavation inspection? What is the requirement to protect from falls on walkways?At what depth are protections systems (from cave in) required in an excavation? Excavations must be protected by which four types of protective systems? (4 points)Describe the plasticity test for determination of soil classification. Describe the Thumb Penetration test for soil classification.Identify other strength tests identified in 1926 Subpart P Appendix A (d)(2)(iv).T or F In relation to sloping and benching all excavations must follow benching and sloping requirements in subpart P Appendix B. Explain why you selected the above answer.T or F You are allowed to use a multiple bench type protection if your soil classification test resulted in C soil. Explain why you selected the above answer.
Excavations
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Oregon OSHA Inspection
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Trench & Excavation
Underground Utilities
Prevention
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QYpY
Wijb9E
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Utility Strikes
ZAP!
OSHA Trenching Prevention
V-Tool
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmPS
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Excavation Hazards
Cave-ins are the greatest risk
Other hazards include:
➢ Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen
➢ Inhalation of toxic materials
➢ Fire
➢ Moving machinery near the edge of the
excavation can cause a collapse
➢ Accidental severing of underground
utility lines
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Injury and Death
• Excavating is one of the
most hazardous
construction operations
• Most accidents occur in
trenches 5-15 feet deep
• There is usually no
warning before a cave-in
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Definitions
• Excavation – a man-made cut, cavity, trench, or
depression formed by earth removal.
• Trench – a narrow excavation. The depth is greater
than the width, but not wider than 15 feet.
• Shield – a structure able to withstand a cave-in and
protect employees
• Shoring – a structure that supports the sides of an
excavation and protects against cave-ins
• Sloping – a technique that employs a specific angle
of incline on the sides of the excavation. The angle
varies based on assessment of impacting site factors.
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Focus of Training
•
The greatest risk at an excavation
•
How to protect employees from cave-ins
•
Factors that pose a hazard to employees
working in excavations
•
The role of a competent person at an
excavation site
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Protection of Employees
Employees should be protected from
cave-ins by using an adequately designed
protective system
Protective systems must be able to resist all
expected loads to the system
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Requirements for
Protective Systems
A well-designed protective system
➢ Correct design of sloping and benching systems
➢ Correct design of support systems, shield systems,
and other protective systems
Plus
Appropriate handling of materials and equipment
Plus
Attention to correct installation and removal
Equals Protection of employees at excavations
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Soil Mechanics
Soil weighs about 100
– 140 lb/cu.ft.
Each foot of depth
adds more pressure
side pressure
Once the pressure
exceeds the ability of
the soil to support
itself, failure is
possible
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Design of Protective Systems
The employer shall select and construct :
➢ slopes and configurations of sloping and
benching systems
➢ support systems, shield systems, and other
protective systems
• Shield – can be permanent or portable. Also
known as trench box or trench shield.
• Shoring – such as metal hydraulic, mechanical or
timber shoring system that supports the sides
• Sloping – form sides of an excavation that are
inclined away from the excavation
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Protect Employees Exposed
to Potential Cave-ins
Slope or bench the sides
of the excavation,
Support the sides of the
excavation, or
Place a shield between
the side of the
excavation and the work
area
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Trench Shields or Boxes
Engineered for Type
C soils
Can be used with all
classes of soils
Shields can be
moved horizontally
with workers inside
Worker must stay
inside shields
Cave-in Hazard
This excavation
has inadequate
support posts and
egress access
Inadequate protective system
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Inadequate Protective System
This worker is in a
trench with no
protective system,
that is not sloped or
benched and has no
means of egress
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Factors Involved in Designing a
Protective System
Soil classification
Depth of cut
Water content of soil
Changes due to
weather and climate
Other operations in the
vicinity
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Shoring
• General
➢ Provides a framework to work in
➢ Uses wales, cross braces and uprights
➢ Supports excavation walls
• OSHA tables provide shoring data
➢ Must know soil type
➢ Must know depth and width of excavation
➢ Must be familiar with the OSHA Tables
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Trench Shield
A trench shield
was built around
this work area
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Hydraulic Trench Support
• Using hydraulic jacks the
operator can easily drop
the system into the hole
• Once in place, hydraulic
pressure is increased to
keep the forms in place
• Trench pins are installed
in case of hydraulic failure
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Materials and Equipment
•
•
•
Equipment used for
protective systems must
not have damage or defects
that impair function.
If equipment is damaged,
the competent person must
examine it to see if it is
suitable for continued use.
If not suitable, remove it
from service until a
professional engineer
approves it for use.
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Basic Requirements
CFR 1926.650-654
Work must be supervised by a
“Competent Person”
Protection is required over 5 feet
deep or if there is a possibility of
a cave-in
Excavations must be inspected
daily and/or with changes
Access/Egress is required over
4 feet deep
A rescue plan must be in place
Protection from Vehicles
•
•
•
•
Install barricades
Hand/mechanical signals
Stop logs
Grade soil away from
excavation
• Fence or barricade
trenches left overnight
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Hazardous Conditions
The weight and
vibrations of the
crane make this a
very hazardous
condition.
They should not
be working under
this crane.
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Spoils
• Don’t place spoils
within 2 feet from edge
of excavation
• Measure from nearest
part of the spoil to the
excavation edge
• Place spoils so
rainwater runs away
from the excavation
• Place spoil well away
from the excavation
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Other Excavation Hazards
Water accumulation
Oxygen deficiency
Toxic fumes
Access/Egress
Falls
Mobile equipment
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Water is Hazardous
When water is
present in an
excavation it is
extremely
hazardous to
enter
Note that these workers are not
wearing hardhats to protect them
from materials falling into the trench
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Water = Cave-in Hazard
These workers must be protected from cave-in. Note the water
in the bottom of the trench. This is a very hazardous condition!
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Hazardous Atmosphere
Test excavations more than
4 feet before an employee
enters the excavation for:
➢ Oxygen deficiency
➢ High combustible gas
concentration
➢ High levels of other
hazardous
substances
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Means of Egress
A stairway, ladder,
or ramp must be
present in
excavations that
are 4 or more feet
deep, and within 25
feet of the
employees
This ladder does not meet the
requirements of the standard
The ladder should extend 3 feet
above the excavation
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Access and Egress
These two ladders
which are lashed
together are not an
adequate means of
egress
The ladder should
extend 3 feet above
the top of the
excavation
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Protection from Falls, Falling Loads,
and Mobile Equipment
•
•
•
•
•
Install barricades
Use hand / mechanical signals
Grade soil away from excavation
Fence or barricade trenches left overnight
Use a flagger when signs, signals and
barricades are not enough protection
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Barricade Excavations
Excavations must be
barricaded or
marked if they are
not readily visible
Competent Person
Must have had specific training
in and be knowledgeable about:
• Soils classification
• The use of protective
systems
• The requirements of the
standard
Must be capable of identifying
hazards, and authorized to
immediately eliminate hazards
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Inspections of Excavations
A competent person must make
daily inspections of
excavations, areas around them
and protective systems:
• Before work starts and as
needed,
• After rainstorms, high winds
or other occurrence which
may increase hazards, and
• When you can reasonably
anticipate an employee will
be exposed to hazards.
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Inspections of Excavations
If the competent person finds
evidence of a possible cave-in,
indications of failure of
protective systems, hazardous
atmospheres, or other
hazardous conditions:
• Exposed employees must be
removed from the hazardous
area
• Employees may not return
until the necessary
precautions have been taken
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Site Evaluation Planning
Before beginning excavation:
➢ Evaluate soil conditions
➢ Construct protective
systems
➢ Test for low oxygen,
hazardous fumes and toxic
gases
➢ Provide safe in and out
access
➢ Contact utilities
Fissure
➢ Determine the safety
equipment needed
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Rescue
A rescue plan must
be in place
Rescue of a buried
worker is a slow
and tedious
process
Summary
• The greatest risk in an excavation is a
cave-in.
• Employees can be protected through
sloping, shielding, and shoring the
excavation.
• A competent person is responsible to
inspect the excavation.
• Other excavation hazards include water
accumulation, oxygen deficiency, toxic
fumes, falls, and mobile equipment.
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