Challenges and Potential Applications of Robotics Technology

The recent robotics technology is driven by the two most accepted ambitions for its engineering and evolution (Ball et al. 2017).  There is a huge amount of money spent on the process of cleaning stadiums. It results various factors like developing stadiums that has outcome in various factors like making the particular stadium available on next events. The first one being that these machines should have autonomy to act within an unstructured and complex surrounding and the second one being that these robots someday could be able to act on their own without getting any predefined instruction ie they should be able to make decisions just like we humans do. Many believers in the industry think that such a situation is not very far, (whereas it is very unlikely that anything like this could happen within few decades), these expectations are known as “Strong Artificial Intelligence”. Even when the latter is not going to happen in the near future, it is this notion of AI, it has to fetch this industry with an enormous amount of investment to carry out research and develop prototypes along the way (Lee et al. 2018). On the other hand, there are several issues and challenges faced while using robotics in daily life such as reducing the work power level of people. In addition, the use of robotics in industry level is explained in the study. The study will be helpful to the academic level by understanding the applications of robotics and limitations of its use. In addition, the industrial applications and potential utilization would assist to get the proper comprehension of its usage. There is no question of the fact technological innovation is going to be the biggest one of the kind, which has seen throughout history. In the following report, various other aspects as well as an implementation that is being done in many sectors is discussed. It will also be tried to discuss the moral and ethical aspect of using robotics to replace manual labor as well as developing it with AI. There are many short as well as long-term regulations that is necessary for the robotics industry. 

The impact that robotics could have in some of the sectors is going to be truly astounding in nature. The use of robotics in the army has already been seen by many defense experts as much more big event that the invention of the atom bomb. Not only the army, but also robotics can also utilize this as an innovation for effective surveillance and can use it to catch the criminals who might be trying to evade a trial (Lee et al. 2018). The idea of integrating IoT (Internet of Things) with AI might be a fascination for many. The idea of implementing robotics is not only limited to automobile, army, and smart homes, but robotics also has a wide array of users in the medicine and surgery in the healthcare department. Any critical surgery that would be physically impossible for a human to maneuver might be an easy task for a robot. In fact, many operations are happening world over where the bulk of the work during a critical surgery is done through robotics.

Applications of Robotics Technology

There are several alternatives available to select the motor like alternative current motor, direct current motor and stepper motor. On the other hand, the permeate magnet motors become synchronous motor as well as switched reluctance motors. The suitable applications are considered as less variable sped as well as high torque of AC motor that can make the option to go for the process.

The various feature of the augmented reality that makes it a choice for the robot-human compatibility are:

1. The AR has an ability to enhance the real world object when used in an interface.
2. There is an unlimited possibility of interaction between the real and the virtual world.
3. Ego and exocentric view are a great utility in addition, that can merge the robots and the human collaboration (Truby et al. 2018).
4. Many AR now supports tangible as well as transitional interface.

The above written tangible interface can be used to change any physical object through 3D shared devices. There have been AR implementations already in mobile Various examples such as ARToolkit software and Magicbook can be analyzed to know the amazing effect of robot-human collaboration through Augmented Reality.

The concept of robotics is in full momentum in the purpose of cleaning stadiums. Tesla has paved the way for many automobile companies to invest in self-driving cars. ADAS (advanced driving assistance system) is the reason behind a driverless car. However, many cars still not support full control of these ADAS in a high traffic area (Wachter et al. 2017). This is because of the security concern and because of the lack of justice issues within the system. Research is going on in full swing about the next evolution in the category of driverless cars. There is an enormous opportunity for the automobile sector to use this technology to make driving much more safe and enjoyable. There has been already innovation that will enable companies other than Tesla to go for full driverless cars and avoid any security risk. Even for the driver, there has been much evolution while driving. The driver can be alerted about any unexpected over speeding or veering off the highway or a risky overtake by other drivers. The scope of using the robotics in the automobile industry is endless (Barfoot and Wettergreen 2016). Traffic can be more efficiently managed if it is able to integrate with these automobiles. Accident rate especially countries like Russia, where the rate of road accidents are very high can also be controlled through the implementation of these technologies.

The navigation system of robot is partially automated or entirely autonomous. These are based on specific kind of technology that is used. For instance, line following navigation system, ultrasonic sensor, and sonar based mapping and navigation. The line following navigation system of robot is based on detecting the line which is already being drawn on the floor. The line can be contrasting in color, for example, white line on black surface or just magnetic tape that doesn’t need to be specific of any color (Majidi 2014). Robots are also very useful during any tactical situation because of the access that it can get. Japan has also invested in the idea of “Urban robots” or the robots that just keeps an eye in the streets through observing behavioral pattern so prevent any criminal activity.

Limitations of Robotics Technology

It should also be made clear that a proper police robot or “humanoid” is technically not possible, at least for many years or even decade because of the social intelligence issue that is far away from reality. There will also be many hindrances in the application of patrolling by a robot, or a robot for controlling a riot situation. This is because of the uncertainty, complexity of the situation that is there (Ranzani et al. 2018). In addition, people will not get familiar with the robots as they do with humans in a time of an emergency. In the field of military robotics, much innovation has been made that had a positive impact in the whole strategy of warfare in our time. From unmanned drones that are capable of destroying the enemies to bomb defusing robots, army has utilized robotics in an effective way. Armed fighter planes are being experimented with robot pilots that might just have revolutionized the urban warfare thing.   

The robots that have been developed for the sole purpose of amusement have made a market for itself. These robots can vary through their size and shape. There are many robots that are shaped like a robot (Jeff Bezos have one giant shaped robot dog), Keepon who is a specialist dancer and dances to different tunes and robots that are made purely for fornication purposes. The demand is likely to increase more as the research evolves and more functions, as well as AI, is added to these robots. The research has shown the children are more likely to go for a robot toy than the old days doll or small house. On the other hand, there has been AI integrated in many such household appliances such as washing machine, oven, dishwasher, Microwave etc. However, this entire machine can perform only one function and none of them is cost effective, at least until now. A house is not an unstructured environment like the outside world, rather is a very organized system that needs discipline and accuracy. There is also an issue of implementation of common and basic logic that cannot be integrated into any such algorithm (Ak?n et al. 2018). Most of the household requirement requires paying attention to the details and not making some out of the world logic to do the works. There was a research going on to develop a robot for folding up a towel at Berkeley. This experiment can easily demonstrate the difficulty of making a robot for doing household things. On the contrary, the use of robotics has some limitations. Designing machines do the specified tasks as well as advanced version of robots and adaptive to the respond as per the changing environment along with autonomous process. However, it has primary level of complexity level and the levels has scopes to perform the requisite function.

Augmented Reality in Robotics

The aim of the project is minimizing the pick as well as place time through developing robot in order to push rubbish from a stadium step to another end of steps with pushing plate, motor, navigation system, rechargeable battery.   

On the other hand, the research will have the following objectives.

• To critically the role of robots for guiding itself along with round curvature of stadium properly
• To evaluate the process of gigantic amount of garbage at each of the end  
• To make the robotic be able in running at 3 hours for performing cleaning task of stadium
• To enable robots to drive itself and the sticky road that is full of spilled beverages

In order to carry out the research in proper way, it is required to select right methodology for the research. There are three types of research philosophies such as positivism, interpretrivism and realism. In the research, positivism philosophies will be used. On the other hand, deductive approach will be used on the research (Alemi et al. 2015). The research will follow descriptive research design to conduct the research in proper way. Primary and secondary collection is the types of data collection technique used in the researches. In the research, secondary data collection technique will be used in order to collect data for the research. Qualitative data analysis technique will be used for analyzing data for the research. 

The use of augmented reality has been a boon for the robot-human interaction. AR is different from the virtual reality in the sense that the latter is not related to anything real rather it is in a virtual world whereas AR is an enhanced version of the reality. AR has a mixture of both real as well as the virtual world (Hsieh et al. 2015). With the use of AR, the virtual object could be superimposed on the real world and vise versa, and there can be an interaction between the two. In order to conduct the research, a laboratory set up will be required. In the set up, efficient tools will be used. The experiments will analyze the questions and analyze the secondary data collected for the research.

Recently, the automobile industry has taken the use of advanced robotics to a completely new level integrating it with artificial intelligence. The concept of a driverless car or self-driving cars always had the core idea as robotization in the automobile sector. This AI integrated cars were first used in full scale by the United States army and combat division. The US along with Japan were among the first country to use this technology for their homegrown industry. AI is running many of the drones that are used for surveillance as well as for combat. They have excelled in this robotics technology (Lejeune 2018). The use of ICT infrastructure that exist today and the continuous evolution that is needed to keep pace in this sector also attract many researchers into this field. Robotics has made Internet and integrated technology much more viable, fruitful and evolving. Google undertook these experiments of driverless cars in 2010 where they tested their system for thousands of miles in the roads of California. Then, in 2011, there was also a successful experiment of autonomous cars in Berlin, Germany where many German cars like the Volkswagen passes successfully (Ball et al. 2017). Uber has also pitched up the idea of a driverless taxi system where the customers in a driverless car could rent the taxis. They have incidentally also prepared for flying driverless cars that would be another milestone along with the idea of hyperactive loop for commutation.  

Research Methodology

There is also a downside of these robots when exposed in public. Because of the fact that these robots cannot socialize (at least for now), most of the time it has been observed that the owner gets bored of these robots very quickly (Orlando et al. 2018). This has been taken up as a challenge by the researcher who is trying to add socializing elements to these robots. Here too there is an inadequate knowledge about how the interaction between humans and robots can be initiated in a social gathering, this also is very critical in the evolution of these socializing amusement robots. It has to be noted that the current research and development of these types of AI integrated amusement robots are still in its early days, so it will take some time to evolve the way we want them to. In future when a robot would be able to socialize with humans, social intelligence would be the key. This will take many years or even decades to see the light of the day.

Task Name	Duration	Start	Finish	Predecessors
Project 45	64 days	Mon 22-10-18	Thu 17-01-19
Topic Selection	1 day	Mon 22-10-18	Mon 22-10-18
Data collection from secondary sources	3 days	Tue 23-10-18	Thu 25-10-18	3
Creating layout	5 days	Fri 26-10-18	Thu 01-11-18	4
Literature review	6 days	Fri 02-11-18	Fri 09-11-18	5
Formation of the research Plan	8 days	Mon 12-11-18	Wed 21-11-18	6
Selection of the Appropriate Research Techniques	2 days	Thu 22-11-18	Fri 23-11-18	7
Secondary data collection	9 days	Mon 26-11-18	Thu 06-12-18	8
Laboratory set up	5 days	Fri 07-12-18	Thu 13-12-18	9
Analysis & Interpretation of Data Collection	5 days	Fri 14-12-18	Thu 20-12-18	10
Findings of the Data	6 days	Fri 21-12-18	Fri 28-12-18	11
Conclusion of the Study	7 days	Mon 31-12-18	Tue 08-01-19	12
Formation of Rough Draft	2 days	Wed 09-01-19	Thu 10-01-19	13
Submission of Final Work	5 days	Fri 11-01-19	Thu 17-01-19	14

Conclusions

There have been debates over the utilization of these robots in various sectors. There are arguments that say that robots are taking away the job prospect of millions of people around the world. It has been seen that, in many developed countries, automation of the industrial process has resulted on loss of jobs for the laborers. There is also an opposite statement to this theory, that even though there is a job loss, the quality of the output is (most industry) superior than that of any human labor. In the context of the robot police, there will a high probability that the idea will not get through the minds of the people very easily. There are still physiological as well as emotional barrier attached with robotics and human interaction. Social intelligence seems to be the key to this gap. There is also a threat of hacking the military robots that could be disastrous for the nation. The emotional aspect of humanoid is a void that has to be filled in order to make next generation robotics that would be able to establish a positive interaction between the humans and the robots.

References

Ak?n, H.L., Amato, N.M., Isler, V. and Van Der Stappen, A.F., 2016. Special Issue on the Eleventh Workshop on the Algorithmic Foundations of Robotics, 2014.

Alemi, M., Meghdari, A. and Ghazisaedy, M., 2015. The impact of social robotics on L2 learners’ anxiety and attitude in English vocabulary acquisition. International Journal of Social Robotics, 7(4), pp.523-535.

Ball, D., Upcroft, B., van Henten, E., van den Hengel, A., Tokekar, P. and Das, J., 2017. JFR Special Issue on Agricultural Robotics. Journal of Field Robotics, 34(6), pp.1037-1038.

Barfoot, T.D. and Wettergreen, D., 2016. Special Issue on Space Robotics. Journal of Field Robotics, 33(2), pp.155-156.

Hsieh, M.A., Khatib, O. and Kumar, V., 2015. Special Issue on the 14th International Symposium on Experimental Robotics, 2014.

Lee, J., Grey, M.X., Ha, S., Kunz, T., Jain, S., Ye, Y., Srinivasa, S.S., Stilman, M. and Liu, C.K., 2018. DART: Dynamic animation and robotics toolkit. The Journal of Open Source Software, 3(22), p.500.

Lejeune, T., 2018. Robotics and upper limb rehabilitation after stroke. In European Congress of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.

Majidi, C., 2014. Soft robotics: a perspective—current trends and prospects for the future. Soft Robotics, 1(1), pp.5-11.

Orlando, S., Gaudioso, E. and de la Paz, F., 2018, April. IDEE: A Visual Programming Environment to Teach Physics Through Robotics in Secondary Schools. In International Conference on Robotics and Education RiE 2017 (pp. 241-246). Springer, Cham.

Ranzani, T., Russo, S., Bartlett, N.W., Wehner, M. and Wood, R.J., 2018. Soft Robotics: Increasing the Dimensionality of Soft Microstructures through Injection?Induced Self?Folding (Adv. Mater. 38/2018). Advanced Materials, 30(38), p.1870282.

Truby, R.L., Wehner, M., Grosskopf, A.K., Vogt, D.M., Uzel, S.G., Wood, R.J. and Lewis, J.A., 2018. Soft Robotics: Soft Somatosensitive Actuators via Embedded 3D Printing (Adv. Mater. 15/2018). Advanced Materials, 30(15), p.1870106.

Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B. and Floridi, L., 2017. Transparent, explainable, and accountable AI for robotics.