Physiology and Assessment

 Traumatic brain injury is the result of a violent jolt or blows to the head or any other part of the body. It can affect the brain cells for short-term; in serious case the brain injury may lead to torn tissues, bruising, even death in the more severe situation. Some of the common symptoms associated with TBI are a headache, nausea or vomiting, difficulty in sleeping, dizziness, loss of balance, lack of consciousness or no consciousness. Subdural hematoma (SDH) and a petechial haemorrhage are the main head injuries that are detected in the patient’s brain (Hackenberg & Unterberg, 2016). A subdural haemorrhage can be determined by its size and the site (Yang et al., 2012). A petechial haemorrhage is identified by the tiny pinpoint red color mark. It occurs when the blood secrets from some of the small capillaries in the eyes (Ertok et al., 2013). The sign & symptoms reflect that changes, interventions, nursing assessment, the priority of clinical care, nursing current recommendations, and effects of nursing interventions on the patient’s condition will be discussed in this report.

The patient assessment after hospital admission shows that the patient has been lying in a supine position, eye pupils are not different and accommodating and reactive to the light. The person with deterioration has been identified with sub-Dural haemorrhage which is the most critical issue (Chari, Clemente Morgado & Rigamonti, 2014), and had the petechial haemorrhage. Toxic substance was negative and the blood alcohol level of the patient has increased. The assessments also indicated that the person has raccoon eyes and the battle sign on right side. The physical condition of the person has been changed by some point such as altered respiration rate, temperature, heart rate, blood glucose level, and SpO2 level. At the time of 8.00 hours the patient’s physical examination findings reveal that the temperature was 36.9-degree centigrade, respirations (breaths/min) were 18 per minute, Blood pressure and Mean Arterial pressure was reported 128/92, heart rate (HR) was 87, SpO2 was noticed 97 %, BGL was 6. After two hours at 10.00, the ICP has been increased to twelve; the temperature reached to 37.2, the respiration rate was to 23, BP & MAP reduced to 122/68, HR (heart rate) was noticed at 96, SpO2 reduced by 1 % and the BGL glucose level increased with 0.4. At 1 pm (13.00 hours), the injured person had a heart rate of 118. At 13.10 the Blood pressure reached to 108/54 mmHg, heart rate 118-123 beats per min, and the temperature was 37.8. The 12 lead ECG or electrocardiograms also revealed the sinus tachycardia.

 In this case, the one priority of clinical care should be patient’s respiratory Rate, which were 11 breaths per minute. The entry of air has also been reduced in both right and left bases. The nurses should maintain the RR by providing appropriate and enough air to Mr. Parson. The patient’s medical history has revealed that he had type-1 diabetes and was a regular smoker (seven to ten cigarettes per day). He also consumes six to ten beers once in a week.

Nursing Intervention

Nursing interventions become the most important part of any health organization or hospital setting as they provide a primary care to the patient and make a healthy relationship with the patient and their families. They can play a vital role in the case of Mr. Parson. They can provide an additional care to the deteriorating patient. The nurses sometimes miss when the patient deteriorating suddenly or after some time.

The ABCDE method can be used to provide better nursing care in this case of deterioration to assess the patient. In ABCDE, A means Airway, B is for Breathing, C stands for Circulation, D is disability, and E means Exposure (Thim, Krarup, Grove, Rohde & Løfgren, 2012). The airway should be cleared for O₂ to reach to the patient’s lower respiratory tract. The nurses must recognize the obstruction in the airway by asking the patient about how they are feeling during breathing if they do not respond, it indicates that compromised airway or unconsciousness might be there. The person can also be examined by listening and assessing the airway from the nose or mouth. Most of the partial airway obstructions produce sound and there is no sign of noise in complete airway obstructions (Miranda, Braxton, Hobbs & Quigley, 2011). If a nurse examined that the patient’s airways partially or completely compromised, he or she should commence the basic life support for the injured person. Assessing the breathing should be the second most important assessment in the case of a patient with deterioration. Cardiac, respiratory risks are there in severe distress in the respiratory system. This issue has also been identified in the given case as the patient has tachycardia. Some of the conditions like CNS depression, Lung disease, or any improper respiratory efforts can cause respiratory distress. The proper positioning of the patient at bed is found to be the important intervention provided by the nurses (Liaw, Scherpbier, Klainin?Yobas & Rethans, 2011).

The patient should sit in an upright position; they should be advised to recovery position. Oxygen masks should be available in the patient’s room in an emergency, high flow of O₂ should be provided for a short period. The flow rate must be checked with the rapid response immediately after the patient arrives at the ward. The six beneficial nursing actions should be taken are getting help from others, poisoning of the patient properly, collecting more information about the patient’s condition, considering the O₂ therapy, and preparing the equipment (Sztrymf et al., 2012)

 A nurse should there with the patient all the time to report if any negative health issues occur. The patient has been noticed with an increase in blood pressure at irregular intervals, which can lead to hematoma expansion, re-bleeding risks, and peri-hematoma edema. Therefore, the nurses must check and monitor the increased level of blood pressure. Further nursing interventions can include the Seizers and antiepileptic medication, which can reduce the risk of epilepsy in the patient (De Tisi et al., 2011). The ICH should be maintained by the nurses and the Blood Pressure should be controlled, as it is fluctuating in the case of Mr. Parson. The Patient in the case study has been identified with issues in breathing; therefore, these interventions can play a vital role to achieve the health goals already set for the person (Fisher & King, 2013).

Recommendations

The important recommendations, in this case, are taking care of the breathing issues, providing a peaceful environment, proper rest, and appropriate bed position. The injured person has a history of type 1 diabetes, so it should be remembered while prescribing the medicine to the patient. Diabetes can be raised again after some time, more commonly in the patient with injury, as they are unable to manage proper diet and nutrition consumption. Proper interpretation of physical examination findings should be done, ask help if any early signs identified, and ensuring that the help arrives on a time.

Another recommendation includes early identification of any serious health issues to the patent.  Education and training, therapeutic communication should be also be used. Data collection of the physical condition of the patient, health issues related information, evaluation, executive and medical buy-in, escalations protocols and instant response system are the part of a safer health system to save lives in injury cases (Sasser et al., 2012).

To evaluate that the interventions are successfully provided for the patient, the SMART tool can be used. This analysing approach can be used to frame and develop a work plan, monitoring the progress to reach to the goals, measuring nurse’s performance, identifying the essential opportunities for any improvements and getting an idea of how the goals can be met (Lavoie, Pepin, & Cossette, 2015). SMART is the combination of different approaches where S means Specific (what exactly the health professional going to do for their patient), M stands for measurable (are the interventions can be measured and quantified), A is Attainable/ Achievable (the task can be completed in the given period or not and the available support). R indicated Relevant (what effects the nursing interventions had in the case and how it achieves the target that is set for the patient). T stands for Time bond (when the objective will be achieved). The patient’s O₂ saturation is maintained to 95 %, respiration rate also maintained, the vital sign has been recorded on the patient information sheet, which can be used in any future requirements (Alahmadi & Soh, 2011) 

Conclusion

The traumatic brain injury can be caused if a bump, blow or any other injury occurs in a head that can damages a part of the brain. The Injured person in this case scenario has been diagnosed with brain injuries that are a subdural hematoma (SDH) and a petechial hemorrhage. He has been facing breathing problems and disturbed levels of blood glucose level, tachycardia, and altered SpO2 levels. In this case, the interventions can be provided by nurses includes assessing Airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. Providing proper O₂ resources and comfortable position for the patient at the bed are the essential interventions. Key Recommendations to provide good health care, in this case, are managing breathing issues and patent’s position most of the time, and proper rest should be assisted. Using the SMART approach can be a beneficial step can examine the success of the nursing interventions provided to the deteriorating patient. Evaluation of impacts of the nursing interventions can also be done by identified by how well oxygen saturation is maintained, breathing signs, and maintaining if the data of the patient has been recorded properly or not.   

References

Alahmadi, A., & Soh, B. (2011). A smart approach towards a mobile e-health monitoring system architecture. In Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS), 2011 International Conference on (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

Chari, A., Clemente Morgado, T., & Rigamonti, D. (2014). Recommencement of anticoagulation in chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of neurosurgery, 28(1), 2-7.

De Tisi, J., Bell, G. S., Peacock, J. L., McEvoy, A. W., Harkness, W. F., Sander, J. W., & Duncan, J. S. (2011). The long-term outcome of adult epilepsy surgery, patterns of seizure remission, and relapse: a cohort study. The Lancet, 378(9800), 1388-1395.

Ertok, I., Çelik, G. K., Haydar, G. E., Karakayali, O., Yilmaz, M., & Ersen, T. (2013). Review of Traumatic Asphyxia Syndrome with a Case Presentation/Travmatik Asfiksi Sendromunu Olgu Sunum Ile Gözden Geçirme. Akademik Acil Tip Olgu Sunumlari Dergisi, 4(2), 58.

Fisher, D., & King, L. (2013). An integrative literature review on preparing nursing students through simulation to recognize and respond to the deteriorating patient. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(11), 2375-2388.

Hackenberg, K., & Unterberg, A. (2016). Traumatic brain injury. Der Nervenarzt, 87(2), 203-14.

Lavoie, P., Pepin, J., & Cossette, S. (2015). Development of a post-simulation debriefing intervention to prepare nurses and nursing students to care for deteriorating patients. Nurse education in practice, 15(3), 181-191.

Liaw, S. Y., Scherpbier, A., Klainin?Yobas, P., & Rethans, J. J. (2011). A review of educational strategies to improve nurses’ roles in recognizing and responding to deteriorating patients. International Nursing Review, 58(3), 296-303.

Miranda, L. B., Braxton, E., Hobbs, J., & Quigley, M. R. (2011). Chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly: not a benign disease. Journal of Neurosurgery, 114(1), 72-76.

Sasser, S. M., Hunt, R. C., Faul, M., Sugerman, D., Pearson, W. S., Dulski, T., & Cooper, A. (2012). Guidelines for field triage of injured patients: recommendations of the National Expert Panel on Field Triage, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Recommendations and Reports, 61(1), 1-20.

Sztrymf, B., Messika, J., Mayot, T., Lenglet, H., Dreyfuss, D., & Ricard, J. D. (2012). Impact of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy on intensive care unit patients with acute respiratory failure: a prospective observational study. Journal of critical care, 27(3), 324-e9.

 Thim, T., Krarup, N. H. V., Grove, E. L., Rohde, C. V., & Løfgren, B. (2012). Initial assessment and treatment with the Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure (ABCDE) approach. International journal of general medicine, 5, 117.

Yang, A. I., Balser, D. S., Mikheev, A., Offen, S., Huang, J. H., Babb, J., & Samadani, U. (2012). Cerebral atrophy is associated with the development of a chronic subdural hematoma. Brain Injury, 26(13-14), 1731-1736.