Overview of Policy Cycle Model

Discuss About The Stakeholder Perspectives Used In Australia.

Policymaking has a chain of identifiable steps. Davis and Bridgman have claimed to have generated a policy cycle model that is both normative and descriptive. The theorists argue that every fundamental element involving their policy cycle model should be incorporated to enable systematic thinking reduce policy errors. The policy cycle also introduces a component of intellectual consistency to analysis policy-making. Ideally, the model has attracted much scrutiny, analysis, criticism as well as the debate because it was first to be created and carries on to be a useful device within the kit of every public servant. The eight steps involved in the policy cycle include; Issue identification, policy analysis, policy instrument development, consultation, coordination, decision, implementation and finally evaluation (Freeman, 2013). These steps follow each other as they are mentioned which in fact helps in encouraging an ongoing, cyclic and an interactive approach towards developing and boosting policy as time goes on. As a result, the process will eventually increase the inputs and the experience within the healthcare setting.

Reflecting on the eight steps of the cycle implies that the policy makers coordinate and manage the whole process. This offers an indication of where the policies originate from, who is involved, external pressures and issues as well as how policies work from an idea to being implemented. A policy cycle is an appropriate tool in two significant ways. First, the model presents an essential reference model for classifying many potential parts involving policy development. Secondly, the model is educational for policy financiers to enable them to understand the prospects and tactic embraced by their peers within the public service. For instance, the cycle offers a basic outline that policymakers should use as they think of planning for the policy improvement. Some steps may be reversed, skipped or compressed but it all depends on the context (Bridgman et al., 2000).Regardless, the model provides a beginning point in the absenteeism of anything officially imposed. The model is however helpful as it seen as a good preparatory point towards planning and thinking about policy development procedures.

Health policy involves all actions or the intended practices by private, public and voluntary organizations having an impact towards health. The health-related policy also incorporates policy parties’ policies which could be interpreted as government accomplishment in future. Therefore, the policy can be explained as a set of decisions and actions or to declarations of intent. Policy-making is indeed a competitive process (Meier,2016).Consequently, it has competing interests of various groups involved towards shaking the route that policy takes. Policy falls out from a demographic trend, synthesis of power, institutional agendas, and economic resources as well as well as community ideologies. World Health Organization argues that an explicit health policy may achieve some things such as defining the future vision, outlining priorities as well as building consensus and informing people. The policy should, however, be recognized as more than a health policy or national law that supports an intervention or program. On the other hand, government policy document has the rules, guidelines, regulatory norms and regulations used by the government to guide health policy. The government policy document translates the policies into services and programs (Allsop, 2016). The government policy document includes decisions made at a decentralized and national level for instance funding resolutions that affect how the services are being delivered. In fact, the attention must pay to policies at numerous levels of the health system to ensure maintainable scale-up. Government policy document that is supportive enables the scale-up involving health interventions (Birkland, 2015). Evidence-based policy, on the other hand, depends on the usage of rigorous and science studies for instance as randomized controlled trials to enable identify practices and programs capable of cultivating policy-relevant results. Most political debates involving  personal health care policies, particularly those that need to change healthcare delivery and may be classified as either economic or philosophical. Economic topics argue on how to maximize healthcare delivery efficiency and minimize costs.The philosophical issues on the other hand debates about ethics, individual rights, and government authority.

Importance of Stakeholder Perspectives

Health promotion and public health institutions are growing to be more prevalent and influential in the society today. The term health itself continues to be more ambiguous and dynamic hence increasing its importance all over the world. The World Health Organization defines the term health as state of the whole mental, social and physical well-being. Health is viewed from different perspectives in the current world not just the absence of infirmity or disease. The fact that health is seen from different angles helps explain the shifts and trends within public health as it attempts to address a bit more relevant and modern set of health determinants(LÊgreid, 2017).Health determinants are indeed the situations under which individuals live and which might be the reason for their illor good health. They can also lead to extreme inequity among people and communities. As public health struggles to shift towards a more holistic interpretation of health amongst the public, people focus on education, prevention, promotion, accessibility and policy hence contributing towards the wellbeing of the community via large-scale public efforts, instead of concentrating on the individual. This may, however, be denoted as the population approach, which creates the background of the new public health paradigm.

The Lalonde Report findings state that new public health began to improve in the 1970s.The population approach handles the complexity of health by addressing behavioral, environmental and social determinants involving health such as employment, education, environment, socioeconomic status and availability in the expectation that these inequities and inequalities in health could be balanced. This is different from the old’ public health model which emphases on the biological determining factors of health. This comprises of more direct clinical treatment, clear-cut procedures in the treatment of transmissible disease (Stanhop et al., 2015). The ‘new’ public health is viewed as a more contemporary concept, but, has its disadvantages and advantages. In considering the major bases of public health, examples of new and old public health practices and beliefs and their weaknesses and strengths can be taken from today’s society.

Sociological issues have a big impact on people’s health. A sociological insight highlights the influence of individuals’ social backgrounds towards health care and health quality. A society’s structure and culture also affect peoples’ health. The main sociological issues addressed mainly include physical activity and diet, sexual activity and drug intake, alcohol and tobacco usage at different times(Weiss et al., 2017). In fact, how people manage their stress matters a lot towards health. Drinking alcohol and using drugs to forget challenges may negatively affect individual health compared to those who decide to fight their stress through healthy exercise and proper diet.

Different Aspects of Health Policy

World Health Organization explains that individuals with higher socioeconomic status are likely to enjoy good health, well-paid job, and better education and can afford good health care services in case their health is under risk. On the other hand, people with lower social status are likely to undergo stresses connected to daily living for instance marital disruption, financial difficulties, unemployment and other social determinants such as discrimination and marginalization. Such issues, therefore, contribute towards poor health. Having low socio-economic eminence simply means cannot access proper health care (Crockett, 2014). Ideally, people living in developed nations have universal health care services hence longer life expectations. This is in contrast to people living in undeveloped and developed countries without standard health care services.

Similarly, cultural issues also affect health. The customs and traditions of a particular society and family reactions to them may have the bad or good influence on health (de Andrade et al.,2015).For instance, around the Mediterranean, individuals are likely to ingest high levels of vegetables, olive fruits, and to eat as one family in contrast to cultures having the high intake of fast foods.

In the current world, everyone is living in an age of unparalleled interconnectivity. People’s lives are interceded by technologies that connect to each other to institutions and ideas in ways never experienced before. The internet has the answers to all problems at the social level. In fact, the high level of interconnection is both helpful and harmful. Sometimes, the interconnection has been taken too far without having thought about its consequences.

The interconnected systems have been a problem in health care settings in all nearly all countries. For instance, in Australia, costs have been much higher than expected and less effective care than expected. On numerous metrics, the condition looks terrible; obesity in individuals all ages, infant mortality rates, hospital readmission proportions are all greater than normal. People agree on improving the quality and nature of automated health records to strip budget of health care setting and advance the superiority of care. The problem experienced with electronic health accounts is severe. However, the economic and health benefits of electronic health records cannot be overlooked. The difficulty arises since; there are no electronic health records that can operate for an extensive range of complex reasons (Harvey et al., 2105). Legacy systems were invested by policymakers and hospitals for years within a jumble of numerous systems that do not communicate with each other. Ideally, it is expensive to implement and also problematic to make them function together and also more costly to shift to new systems. Some health-care providers and guarantors do not want the interconnected systems since it may result in new methods of transparency and besides potential accountability (Lopes et al., 2016). Also; the interconnected systems take a longer period to load in the information and scrutinize it thus becoming a challenge to health care.

References

Allsop, J. (2016). Health policy and the NHS: towards 2000. Routledge.

Birkland, T. A. (2015). An introduction to the policy process: Theories, concepts, and models of public policy making. Routledge.

Bridgman, P & G Davis .(2000). Australian Policy Handbook, 2nd ed (first published in 1998) Allen &Unwin, Sydney.

Crockett, L. J., &Crouter, A. C. (Eds.). (2014). Pathways through adolescence: Individual development about social contexts. Psychology Press.

de Andrade, L. O. M., PellegriniFilho, A., Solar, O., Rígoli, F., de Salazar, L. M., Serrate, P. C. F., … &Atun, R. (2015). Social determinants of health, universal health coverage, and sustainable development: case studies from Latin American countries. The Lancet, 385(9975), 1343-1351.

Freeman, B. (2013). Revisiting the policy cycle. Association of Tertiary Education Management, Developing Policy in Tertiary Institutions, Northern Metropolitan Institute of TAFE: Melbourne, Australia.

Harvey, G., &Kitson, A. (2015). Translating evidence into healthcare policy and practice: Single versus multi-faceted implementation strategies–is there a simple answer to a complex question?. International journal of health policy and management, 4(3), 123.

LÊgreid, P. (2017). Transcending new public management: the transformation of public sector reforms.Routledge.

Lopes, E., Street, J., Carter, D., & Merlin, T. (2016).Involving patients in health technology funding decisions: stakeholder perspectives on processes used in Australia. Health Expectations, 19(2), 331-344.

Meier, K. J. (2016). The Politics of Sin: Drugs, Alcohol and Public Policy: Drugs, Alcohol and Public Policy. Routledge.

Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2015). Public Health Nursing-E-Book: Population-Centered Health Care in the Community. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Weiss, G. L., &Lonnquist, L. E. (2017). The sociology of health, healing, and illness.Routled