Camera Capabilities

The Phantom 4 is the most astute flying camera DJI has ever made. Able to fly intellectuals with a tap, naturally make consistent following shots, fly intellectuals over or around impediments and much more. The Phantom 4 pro is a newest innovative drone created and showcased by Drone Company known as DJI Company. (Freeman, 2012, p. 121).  They moreover been utilized currently for filmmaking and photography purpose. As innovation updates and getting developed every day the more curiously employments of drones are sprouting.  This research paper illustrates the analysis of the drone which is very important as the design of the drone will enable easier taking of clearer images as well as high quality video.

Indeed within some months ago people have witnessed few astounding advancements within the unmanned airborne vehicles no things they are for conveyance or for proficient or for the security reason (Myhr, 2016, p. 876). Phantom 4 Pro optimized compass calibration additional optimized gimbal execution to advance its soundness at the flight time (Frame, 2015, p. 341). The key issues which people were meeting was the unsteadiness within the air, noise unsettling influence, less quality of the camera not powerful sensor to help avoid the collision during movement and also less life of the battery (McGriffy, 2016, p. 980). Picture of the natural scenes which are not conceivable by human. 

There are several materials employed in the construction of the phantom 4 pro, some of these materials; Aluminum, this is basically employed in the construction of the frame of the drone. This is because aluminum is relatively lighter as compared to other material. PCB is also another material employed in the construction of the Phantom 4 pro drone, this is basically used in the motherboard of the control part of the drone.  Other materials employed in the construction of the drone is the plastic, this is used in some parts of the frame of the drone.  Some parts of the frame of the Phantom 4 pro drone is constructed using the wood.

The design of the drone involves some of the following basic features

In the both design of the phantom 4 and the phantom 4 pro are always compatible with mobile app which is DJI  (Davis, 2015, p. 989). This app allows the operator of the drones to access the video and photos capture. In fact, the experience on these two devices are so much identical (Shah, 2014, p. 213). 

In both the Phantom 4 and the Phantom 4 Pro have been built with progressed advances that permit you to bolt onto an individual and take after him or her wherever they go. You’ll moreover set the height and distance from which you follow your subject (Rothenberg, 2014, p. 765). Since there are a slew of recommendations that govern how and when you can fly a ramble, the DJI drones come with progressed features that can detect when you’re in a No Fly Zone or flying too tall.  Your drone will quickly follow to local laws to ensure you don’t get in inconvenience  (Kadri, 2015, p. 992). And when your battery is running low, the drones will come back to you to ensure their safekeeping. Still, there’s one zone where the Phantom 4 Pro is tops: obstacle detecting.  (Irvin, 2014, p. 876).   

Materials Used

DJI phantom 4 gives up to 4 K video recording at 24 frames for every second while its max video bitrate is about 60 Mbps. The device’s ISO extend expands from 100 to 3200 and it incorporates a 94-degree field-of-view. The Phantom 4 Pro, in any case, is the clear champ here (Benerd Strawser, 2014, p. 438). It, as well, can record at up to 4K, but its greatest bitrate is 100Mbps. And when you require truly high-quality video shots, the Phantom 4 Pro’s ISO range of 100 to 6400 will best its competitor. 

The Phantom 4’s camera features a 12-megapixel sensor with an ISO extend of 100 to 1600. The camera comes with single shot and burst shooting, as well as auto exposure bracketing, EV bias, and time pass. HDR support is additionally included here, and you’ll spare your photos in JPEG or DNG (RAW) (Rupprecht, 2014, p. 67). The Ghost 4 Master is another clear victor here. It offers a superior 20-megapixel shooter and its ISO range is an amazing 100 to 12800. It offers burst shooting with 14 pictures at a time (compared to 7 for the Phantom 4), alongside all the other modes you’d need.   

In the detailed design of the Phantom 4, there are some design parts which should be taken into account  (Cheng, 2014, p. 231). These parts of the drone which incorporates the whole design are given in the following list; 

1. GPS
2. Propellers
3. Motors
4. Front LEDs
5. Gimbal & Cameras
6. Forward vision system
7. Intelligent Flight Battery
8. Aircraft status indicator
9. Rear vision system
10. Infrared Sensing System
11. Camera
12. Micro USB Port
13. Camera micro SD card slot
14. Downward vision system

And the above features are shown in the diagram below for an easier understanding,   

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) utilize the signals sent by a number of satellites in circle around the earth in order to determine their particular geographic area (Nkukka, 2014, p. 329). A flight controller can either have on board GPS or one which is connected to it through a cable. The GPS antenna ought to not be confounded with the GPS chip itself, and can see like a little dark box or a typical “duck” radio wire. In arrange to urge a precise GPS bolt, the GPS chip ought to get information from different satellites, and the more the way better. Therefore the GPS is very important in this design.

The drone operates on three modes, Where P-mode is Situating Mode that makes the flying drone to utilize GPS, IR sensors to discover the areas and to help in object avoidance. S-mode is a mode where greatest drone speed will be maintained at45Mph where we need to stamp that discuss deterrent framework is debilitated amid this mode. And the final A-mode is a Demeanour mode in which the flying drone does not have GPS and lacks Vision framework accessible as well as it were with the assistance of Indicator for situating to control the altitude. The plan prepare is begun with the extreme reason of the ethereal vehicle; the airplane we needed to plan contains a particular target to achieve (Paul, 2011, p. 988).

Flight Modes

There are regularly two voltage ranges portrayed in the spec sheet of a flight controller, the primary being the voltage input run of the flight controller itself (most work at 5V ostensible), and the second being the voltage input extend of the most microprocessor’s rationale (ex 3.3V or 5V). Since the flight controller could be a decently coordinates unit, you truly as it were ought to pay consideration to the input extend for the flight controller itself.  

The propeller is the spinning wings of the drones, air will move over the surface of the air foil which will hence generate a lift of the drone, the lift of the propeller is given by the following equation   

Where L is the lift, ? is the density of the air, Cl is the coefficient of complex dependencies, V is the velocity of air and A is the area of propeller. Therefore from the equation 1 above, when the area of the drone, the lift will increase and this will make the drone to operates effetely.    

The motors used in the drone are helpful in propelling the propellers of the drones, they utilize little DC motors. The motors have little changeless magnets made from press and cobalt amalgams. Utilizing extraordinary combinations within the magnets makes them able to be littler and lighter. Lithium-ion batteries are as of now utilized to control rambles as the weight to control capacity proportion is superior to any other battery. Engines are not fair utilized for the propellers but are moreover utilized within the gimbal to unfaltering cameras (Smith, 2015, p. 1110). These motors get powered using the Dc battery.    

In the design of the camera of the drone, DJI Mavic 2 pro is the greatest and latest camera made for the Phantom 4 drone. This camera should offer 20 megapixel photography having a colour sensitivity and HDR. The key specification for the design of the drone´s;

• The video resolution is 4 K 10-bit HDR
• Camera resolution is 20 megapixel
• The maximum flight time for this camera is 31 minutes
• Its maximum speed, 45 mph which is 72 kph in every sport mode.   

The camera´s resolution is obtained using the following equation; 

For example is FOV is 100mm and the smallest, the required minimum sensor resolution is 200 pixel therefore the camera with a resolution of 480 × 640 will work since 200 is less than the smallest dimension that is 480. The diagram below further illustrates the resolutions of the camera. 

The downward vision system is basically employed in the drone to help avoid colliding the object as the drone moves downward. 

Motors

In the design of this, we require a sensor like ultrasonic as well as programmed microcontroller like Arduino UNO.  The system can be programmed with below code to ensure that the drone avoids the collision of every object.  

const int frontEchoPin = 7;

const int frontTriggerPin = 6;

const int leftEchoPin = 11;

const int leftTriggerPin = 10;

const int rightEchoPin = 9;

const int rightTriggerPin = 8;

const int motorL1 = 2;

const int motorL2 = 3;

const int motorR1 = 4;

const int motorR2 = 5;

volatile float maxFrontDistance = 25.00;

volatile float frontDuration, frontDistanceCm, leftDuration, leftDistanceCm, rightDuration, rightDistanceCm;

volatile float maxLeftDistance, maxRightDistance = 20.00;

void setup() {

  // serial

  Serial.begin(9600);

  // ultrasonic

  pinMode(frontTriggerPin, OUTPUT);

  pinMode(frontEchoPin, INPUT);

  pinMode(leftTriggerPin, OUTPUT);

  pinMode(leftEchoPin, INPUT);

  pinMode(rightTriggerPin, OUTPUT);

  pinMode(rightEchoPin, INPUT);

  // motors

  pinMode(motorL1, OUTPUT);

  pinMode(motorL2, OUTPUT);

  pinMode(motorR1, OUTPUT);

  pinMode(motorR2, OUTPUT);

}

void loop() {

  // front distance check

  checkFrontDistance();

  if (frontDistanceCm < maxFrontDistance) {

    Serial.println(“Too close”);

    checkLeftDistance();

    delay(20);

    checkRightDistance();

    delay(20);

    if (leftDistanceCm < rightDistanceCm)

      moveRight();

    else if (leftDistanceCm > rightDistanceCm) {

      moveLeft();

    }

  }

  else {

    Serial.println(“OK”);

    moveForward();

  }

  // left distance check

  checkLeftDistance();

  if (leftDistanceCm < maxLeftDistance) {

    Serial.println(“Left too close”);

    delay(20);

    checkLeftDistance();

    delay(20);

    checkRightDistance();

    delay(20);

    if (leftDistanceCm > rightDistanceCm)

      moveForward();

    else if (leftDistanceCm < rightDistanceCm) {

      moveRight();

    }

  }

  // right distance check

  checkRightDistance();

  if (rightDistanceCm < maxRightDistance) {

    Serial.println(“Right too close”);

    delay(20);

    checkRightDistance();

    delay(20);

    checkLeftDistance();

    delay(20);

    if (rightDistanceCm > leftDistanceCm)

      moveForward();

    else if (rightDistanceCm < leftDistanceCm) {

      moveLeft();

    }

  }

}

void checkFrontDistance() {

  digitalWrite(frontTriggerPin, LOW);  //para generar un pulso limpio ponemos a LOW 4us

  delayMicroseconds(4);

  digitalWrite(frontTriggerPin, HIGH);  //generamos Trigger (disparo) de 10us

  delayMicroseconds(10);

  digitalWrite(frontTriggerPin, LOW);

  frontDuration = pulseIn(frontEchoPin, HIGH);  //medimos el tiempo entre pulsos, en microsegundos

  frontDistanceCm = frontDuration * 10 / 292 / 2;  //convertimos a distancia, en cm

  Serial.print(“Distance: “);

  Serial.print(frontDistanceCm);

  Serial.println(” cm”);

}

void checkLeftDistance() {

  digitalWrite(leftTriggerPin, LOW);  //para generar un pulso limpio ponemos a LOW 4us

  delayMicroseconds(4);

  digitalWrite(leftTriggerPin, HIGH);  //generamos Trigger (disparo) de 10us

  delayMicroseconds(10);

  digitalWrite(leftTriggerPin, LOW);

  leftDuration = pulseIn(leftEchoPin, HIGH);  //medimos el tiempo entre pulsos, en microsegundos

  leftDistanceCm = leftDuration * 10 / 292 / 2;  //convertimos a distancia, en cm

  Serial.print(“Left distance: “);

  Serial.print(leftDistanceCm);

  Serial.println(” cm”);

}

void checkRightDistance() {

  digitalWrite(rightTriggerPin, LOW);  //para generar un pulso limpio ponemos a LOW 4us

  delayMicroseconds(4);

  digitalWrite(rightTriggerPin, HIGH);  //generamos Trigger (disparo) de 10us

  delayMicroseconds(10);

  digitalWrite(rightTriggerPin, LOW);

  rightDuration = pulseIn(rightEchoPin, HIGH);  //medimos el tiempo entre pulsos, en microsegundos

  rightDistanceCm = rightDuration * 10 / 292 / 2;  //convertimos a distancia, en cm

Collision Avoidance System

  Serial.print(“Right distance: “);

  Serial.print(rightDistanceCm);

  Serial.println(” cm”);

}

void moveBackward() {

  Serial.println(“Backward.”);

  digitalWrite(motorL1, HIGH);

  digitalWrite(motorL2, LOW);

  digitalWrite(motorR1, HIGH);

  digitalWrite(motorR2, LOW);

}

void moveForward() {

  Serial.println(“Forward.”);

  digitalWrite(motorL1, LOW);

  digitalWrite(motorL2, HIGH);

  digitalWrite(motorR1, LOW);

  digitalWrite(motorR2, HIGH);

}

void moveLeft() {

  Serial.println(“Left.”);

  digitalWrite(motorL1, LOW);

  digitalWrite(motorL2, HIGH);

  digitalWrite(motorR1, HIGH);

  digitalWrite(motorR2, LOW);

}

void moveRight() {

  Serial.println(“Right.”);

  digitalWrite(motorL1, HIGH);

  digitalWrite(motorL2, LOW);

  digitalWrite(motorR1, LOW);

  digitalWrite(motorR2, HIGH);

}// end of the program.  

The first test of the design is to make the drone to fly, if the drone can fly and land effectively then the second test of the drone is done. After the design the Phantom 4 flee and landed effectively indicating the effective design.  

After the safe flying and landing, the camera is tested on the video and the images` qualities. If the qualities of the images and video are clear with the required resolution. During the test, the communication using the GPS should be checked if it works perfectly. Lastly, the obstacle avoidance and detection. The automated flight modes should also be checked and to should be ensured that they work as required.   During the tests of the system the navigation of the drone is checked as it tested to avoid the objects in air. The amount of electrical energy ( battery) used is checked before the taking off and landing and the duration the drone take on air, the readings of the power used is measured before taking off and after landing. The IR sensor is tested as it aids in object avoidance by the drone.

DJI’s Phantom has been our favorite show of drone for the final few a long time, but this most recent form doesn’t only hold onto the mantle as the leading unit you’ll be able purchase. By including computer vision and completely independent capabilities, the Phantom 4 has drastically raised the bar on what is conceivable with a customer caliber camera drone, both for total beginners who need to begin flying and for experts who are creating complex and perilous shots. Actually, drones could be a much speedier way of diminishing the holding up period and expanding the reactions of the clients´ delivery. Beside conveying, it is additionally employed for Reconnaissance, Film-shooting among others. These uses of drone grant it a shinning innovative future. In terms of Phantom 4 Pro+ drone, it is the foremost well known and the finest ramble display within the showcase. Clients are people, military, financial specialists, etc. that have found a way to utilize this item in flexible ways which serves their work. After the design the perfect operation of the drone was evaluated from the perfect landing and taking off, this was also done through obtaining clear images as well as clear videos.  The drone operated as required and as the theories of the operation of the drone. The camera took very clear images and clear videos.

The below are some of the statistical data of the usage of drone in different fields.  

Conclusion  

As Phantom 4 drones could be a step ahead as far as innovation is concerned; this research paper effectively clarifies both detailed design and conceptual design of the Phantom 4 drone. Each and every part of a detailed design for the drone was effectively drafted, through fathoming the possibility, usefulness, upkeep, execution and trade-off researches. DJI is the driving firm within the ramble advertise, and Phantom 4 Pro+ is the leading premium item they offer, that actually enables it to be one of the leading civil drones within the world. The design of these drones makes it very easy to take aerial photos where human beings cannot risk taking such pictures. They can sometime be used to take pictures of tall buildings where human beings are not able to take pictures or videos.   

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