Research Background

The research area of this study is to examine the effect of placebo: in context of UK healthcare.

A placebo is a treatment which is estimated to have no inherent pharmacological benefits. It is used for comparison of clinical studies as it could be supportive of examining the efficiency of new clinical treatments. The placebo treatment could a sign and symptom of improving health illness (Wilhelm, et al., 2016). In addition, it is also found that the effect of the placebo functions as a healing in the ailment verity. It is still used as a viable treatment option by the doctors with surprising frequency. In the UK, Psychologists and neuroscientists are interested in the placebo treatment. Moreover, brain and body of the patient are worked positively at the time of treatment. The research of placebo effects shows that human brain could be influenced by this treatment (Koog, 2016). The place could impact on biological factors of the body that could enable the patient to think positive relegating their treatment. Placebos could be worked as a therapeutic process to treat patients but in current time it is used to manage the clinical study and trails (Boehm, et al., 2017)  

The healthcare sector is increased in the UK due to higher demand for healthcare product and services. The healthcare organization is practiced centric approach for attracting a large number of patients. From the analysis of part data, it is found that health care services are increased in the UK that would improve the economic situation of the country.              

It is effective for the researcher to determine reliable goals of research issue as it could help to meet research matter. The primary aim of this research issue is to determine placebo effect in the context of Healthcare UK.  For this, there are many objectives, which are described as below:    

• To explore meaning and concept of placebo effect: in context of UK healthcare organization.         
• To identify challenges of placebo effects:  in context of UK healthcare organization.         
• To recommend the approaches for improving place effect: in context of UK healthcare organization.   

This research is significant for the researcher to gain their awareness towards the meaning and concept of place effect. It is imperative for the company to comprehend about the placebo effect for effectively treating the patients. In the present scenario, the placebo therapy could support organization to improve the health of patient without using pills (Durgam, et al., 2016).

This research structure is practiced to meet research objectives appropriately. The dissertation structure is explained as follow:

It is a significant part of the study because it would consider many factors like research title, research aim and objectives, research background, research question, and research rationale. It will also help to create the best known in the context of research matter. The introduction section also helps to develop an understanding of research limitation that will be faced by research scholar during the research study (Hammami, et al., 2016). Thus, this part also supports to obtain the reliable result in the context of research matter.

Industry background

This section helps to identify the research concern by using numerous theories, models, and concepts. The literature review section will enable the researcher to evaluate the data in terms of research concern (Garcia, 2015). In this part, many journals, books, academic articles, and magazines are considered as its support in creating theoretical knowledge about research matter (Warwick, et al., 2015).

The research methodology is supportive to identify appropriate technique for collecting data about research matter. In this, the researcher uses numerous techniques to meet objectives of the research. Moreover, researcher methodology entailed many techniques to collect data like research philosophies, research strategies, research approaches, data collection methods, data analysis methods, research limitations, sampling methods, and ethical consideration (Ghosh, et al., 2018). It could be effective for improving validity and reliability of research result. The research tools help the researcher to meet research aim and objectives. 

The data analysis part helps to determine the collected information of research. In this, it supports researcher to separately obtain reliable information and identify them for each research objective (Glund, et al., 2015). It also helps the researcher to organize the data through effective data analysis techniques. In this, research scholar will enable the researcher to evaluate information to consider certain methods like MS-excel software and Literature review method. Consequently, it helps to obtain a reliable conclusion.        

Conclusion and Recommendation

This is the last section of research that enables to summarize whole research as per the research findings. It also helps to develop a link between research findings and research objectives as it could support in attaining reliable summary. This section also discusses strategies for solving research concern. This part is supportive to identify the practical effect for an upcoming research study.

The literature review section helps the researcher to increase their understanding about research concern by investigating of current literature systematically. An effective literature review considers many methods like books, journals, books, and magazine as it could create theoretical knowledge about research matter (Lubotzky and Aran, 2017). Moreover, the literature review supports to explore the information in the context of the placebo effect. It also creates understanding towards the factors that could be a negative impact on placebo treatment. This section determines the issue faced by healthcare organization during placebo treatment. Moreover, it can also be stated that the literature review part helps to identify the recommendation for dealing with issues that healthcare organization face in improving placebo treatment.      

Research aim and objectives

According to Shukla and Rai (2015), placebo treatment could have a favorable therapeutic impact on the patient, even pills or treatment is not active. It is known as a placebo response. It is also stated that placebo effect is working on approximately 20 to 40% of patients. Furthermore, it is also analyzed that patient who feels they have received a pain-relieving meditation then it could directly impact on their brain. As a result, the patient will be capable to improve their existing illness. The endogenous opioid is a combination of two elements like enkephalins and endorphins that could be normal pain-relieving chemicals as it could produce in the body. Insensibility of placebo effect could rely on the beginning of endogenous opioids in the brain.

Espay et al. (2015) argued that placebo effect in a patient with post-operative ache could be clogged by opiate antagonist naloxone. A placebo is everything which seems to tangible medical treatment but it is not. It could be determined as a short-term treatment. Placebos could affect the health of the patient by decline their health issues. The placebo effect is determined as a phenomenon where patient health would improve by individual believes. It is an interesting phase of human psychology because it shows the power of human regarding their treatment. It enables individual to believe that something is functioning that indicates placebo effect. The placebo effect is developed not only from a sensible belief in the pills but also from the subconscious link between improvement and skills of being treated.            

 In support of this, Fuchs et al. (2014) stated that in the brain of a patient, central nervous system or dopamine is activated after placebo management. It is also addressed that placebo effect does not provide a primary health benefit to the patient but it could modestly impact on the patient-reported result. Further, nausea and pain could easily decline with placebo therapy. It is also analyzed that fluctuation in placebo could be influenced by differences in trial design and how doctors and caretaker informed to the patient about their treatment.

McInnes et al. (2015) argued that many factors could influence placebo therapy such as lack of principles in PRM therapies, treatment heterogeneity, the relationship between patient and doctors, and belief of patient, motivation, and experience. It is stated lack of standard in Physiological Regulating Medicine (PRM) could deliver inaccurate information to their patient about their treatment as it could also a negative impact on behavior. Moreover, it is also found that there are certain exercises as it could apply separately to endurance, stretching, and strengthening. It is complicated for PRM to standardize each therapy of treatment.  

Research rational

In support of this, Azaïs et al. (2014) stated that treatment heterogeneity could also influence placebo effect, which could be occurred by lack of physician’s skills regarding injections, nerve blocks, and acupuncture. Thus, it can also be said that managing such interventions becomes complicated with this significant variability source. It makes more complication to design an effective placebo treatment in such circumstance. For managing levels of skills, there is need to perform multicentric studies as it would support to effectively control skills and experience. It is also found that experience and skills of doctors could also influence placebo effect.

In oppose to this, Demant et al. (2014) explained that personal interaction between patient and therapist could influence the behavior of the patient. For illustration, language and speech treatment after brain harm. In addition, it is also found that cognitive behavioral therapy could support to determine the relationship between therapist and patient. Moreover, it is also found that level of interaction could support to identify the level of the placebo effect as well as induce real effects. It is also stated that inspiration and preference could be a challenge for utilizing placebo effect on the patient.  

As per the view of Ridker et al. (2017), personal beliefs, last experience, and inspiration could negatively impact on the placebo effect. Patients have diverse needs and requirements with non-pharmacological managements in PRM. It is because needs of patients could influence the placebo effect. Moreover, Placebo effect would be increased in certain treatment such as home exercises, cognitive-behavioral interventions, and occupational therapy.

On the other side, Crawford et al. (2015) examined that it is also found that sometimes PRM involvements could encourage small sizes, hence it is analyzed that large sample sized could enhance total cost. In addition, it is also stated that sometimes PRM involvement in a chronic situation as it would increase cost and length of study. Hence, it can be said that long-term follow up could influence placebo effect by creating complexity in placebo use due to ethical issues for long-term of placebo intervention.  

In oppose to this, Huttner et al. (2015) illustrated that lack of appropriate training could also influence placebo effect because appropriate training method could support to directly influence the behavior of patents and make healthier in targeted time and period. It is also stated that size of pills could also influence the placebo effect. There are many characteristics of pills that could also affect patient behaviors such as the larger size of pills, injections, and color of medicine. It is also stated that patients have thought that larger sized pills could be effective more than then smaller pills.

Dissertation structure

In support of this, Youssef et al. (2018) stated that patients believe that injection is more powerful than pills. It is also found that attitude of persons could also increase chances of placebo effect among patients. Beside this, placebo cannot work if the patient has a doubt regarding their treatment. In addition, it is also found that when the patient believes on their doctors then there is more probability of placebo effect success.     

Application of medical device could support to deal with infectious diseases. Miller et al. (2016) have conducted a meta-analysis on depression disease where they found that there is no difference between placebo therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation. It is also stated that healthcare organization has needed to determine the patient who has to believe in placebo therapy rather than another source of treatment. As a result, healthcare organization would be capable to offer healthcare service in limited time. 

In support of this, Gerdesmeyer, et al. (2017) stated that placebo effect in PRM could be challenging for an organization to obtain positive benefits. Healthcare organization should develop a depth understanding of placebos for getting a positive outcome. Healthcare organization is not aware of the mechanism of placebo effects. Hence, the organization is requisite to critically discover biological techniques of placebo effects as it could be supportive for placebo treatments.

Morrison et al. (2018) argued that patients would react differently to the placebo treatment. Hence, research could be conducted to address predictors for placebo outcome. It is significant for a healthcare organization to gain their understanding of different effects of placebo before implementing placebo in individual treatment. It is also suggested that healthcare organization should test devices for the placebo effect. PRM is a field which practices many techniques and physical modalities for evaluating the place effects. In addition, it is also found that healthcare organization is mandated to get permission from FDA to treat Parkinson’s disease because unethical application of placebo device could negatively impact on the patient to believe in treatment.

In oppose to this, Boers et al. (2016) explained that healthcare organization should focus on implantable device in order to determine interval period of treatment. It could help to offer accurate treatment in specified time. Moreover, health organization could use a placebo on children as it could be more beneficial for obtaining a favorable result. The organization should obtain the experience with pediatrics patients because there is more probability of placebo effects application. Consequently, the organization will be capable to get the highest quality.

Conclusion and Recommendation

It is also found that organization should perform sound research on children because techniques of disease could be different in adult and children. Moreover, children could not be benefited from advances in drug tool expansion. In addition, the organization should consider standard format for the children as compared to the adults as it could be beneficial to obtain higher profit from the placebo effects. Health organization should determine the shorted time frame for identify the placebo effect on the patient as it could be effective for obtaining accurate treatment. It could also be imperative for eliminating ethical issues from treatment.           

According to the Hall et al. (2015), doctors should necessarily use surgery or invasive process in PRM treatment for improving the health of patients. But, at the same time, the placebo effect avoids surgery and drug in their treatment. Hence, it can be said that there is the difference between sham surgery and the placebo effect. The sham surgery process could be ethically unacceptable. It is because, the sham-controlled method would promote the process, which is not effective in the treatment. In addition, it is also found that placebo eliminates common surgical intervention in the treatment of chest pain.         

In support of this, Lindheime et al. (2015) explained that arthroscopy for knee osteoarthritis is showed that result after arthroscopic surgery is not effective as compared to placebo surgery. Hence, an alternative process like small incision of sham surgery group could be necessary for real effectiveness. This mediation is associated with the surgery needs. The organization should also need to placebo-controlled trails through surgical techniques as it could be effective for offering the best treatment to the patients.

With respect to above discussion, it can be concluded that this section identifies the effect of placebo within the organization which enables the healthcare company to obtain competitive benefits. Furthermore, it can also be examined that Placebo therapy could favorably impact on improving the health of the patient. Moreover, there are many factors that could influence the placebo therapy like many factors lack of principles in PRM therapies, treatment heterogeneity, and the relationship between patient and doctors. Other factors are the belief in patient, motivation, and experience. 

This research is appropriate to obtain the in-depth information in relation to research issue in a rational way. This chapter of research methodology is supportive for a researcher to acquire the facts and figures from a lot of respondents. Consequently, it is beneficial for a researcher to accomplish their research with the particular time period.

Literature Review

Research philosophy is a belief of generating facts and figures in regards to research issue. The rationale of research philosophy helps to address the technique of gathering information and analyzing and interpreting it by using an appropriate procedure of research (Simonet, al., 2014). Research philosophy could be classified into distinct sorts such as positivism, interpretivism and realism philosophy (Archer, et al. 2016). In this way, realism philosophy is exercised to gather the truthful facts and figures by using the evaluation of data and respondents in relation to the research subject. It is also effective for a researcher to capture the accurate information and opinion regarding the subject of investigation. It also makes able a researcher to acquire the real and authentic data with regards to the subject matter of research and executing tools of statistical information. On the other side, research has used positivism research philosophy because of the objective environment of the research subject (Andrieu, et al., 2017). This philosophy relies on hypothesis development. In contrast, interpretivism research philosophy is practiced in case research issue is subjective in nature. For this research study, the researcher will practice interpretivism research philosophy to get detail understanding in the context of current research matter. As a result, it is effective for research philosophy for the research scholar as it could support to obtain the valid and reliable outcome regarding research subject matter (Gros, et al., 2017). On the other side, research scholar has not implemented both realism and positivism research philosophies because there is no requirement to execute the strategic tools. There is also no need for creating, verifying evidence and evaluation of outcome according to findings.

A research approach is a vital technique of methodology because it has been practiced to develop a rationale judgment with regards to research designs and techniques. By using the research approach, a research scholar could be competent to represent the facts and figures in a systematic way (Colagiuri, et al., 2015). Approaches to research could be classified into different categorized such as inductive and deductive approach. This research makes able a research scholar to prove the reliability of particular tool for pooling and evaluating the facts and figures. It is also beneficial for a researcher to gain the depth information regarding the research concern. Consequently, these approaches of research are advantageous for a research scholar to accomplish the research goals and objectives in a methodological manner. Deductive approach is applicable for a research scholar due to its effectiveness with positivism philosophy (Little, et al., 2017). Inductive approach is appropriate for a research scholar as it is relevance with interpretivism research philosophy. Deductive approach is implemented to endorse the hypothesis regarding research issue (Aranow, et al., 2015).  

To analyze meaning and concept of placebo effect

A research scholar should collect a high quantity of information regarding research subject matter in order to approve or reject the hypothesis. But, inductive approach demonstrates the elasticity with regards to collecting data because there is no need of developing a hypothesis regarding research subject matter (Chiswick, et al., 2015).    

For this dissertation, an inductive approach is executed in this research rather than deductive approach. Because, it provides a research scholar to gain their theoretical information associated with research subject matter. This approach of research aids a research scholar to accomplish the research aim and objectives in particular time duration. It also helps a research scholar to collect the information and reach at the valid conclusion regarding the subject matter. On the other hand, a deductive approach is not appropriate for this research because there is no need to develop the hypothesis associated with research subject matter (Chataway, et al., 2014).     

There is certain kind of research, which appropriately aids a research scholar to analyze the research design. This type of research includes descriptive, explanatory and exploratory research design. In such way, exploratory research illustrates the primary research in which a research scholar can determine the research issue by building hypothesis (Pelusi, et al., 2017). Explanatory research is used to provide depth knowledge with regards to the subject matter of research. Descriptive research is also known for causal research. It also demonstrates the cause and effect link between different variables (Ammendolia, et al., 2016). 

For completing this dissertation, explanatory research is selected by a research scholar. This research is beneficial to complete the research in particular time duration. It is also significant to provide depth information associated with research scholar. On the other hand, both descriptive and exploratory research design has not selected by a research scholar. Since, it is not a primary research and also no need to collect the detail data regarding the subject matter of research.

A research design helps to acquire the valid facts and figures associated with research subject issue. There are different sorts of research methods is incorporated by an investigator such as quantitative and qualitative research design (Hofmann, et al., 2015). These research designs also support the research scholar to pool the data. In this way, the qualitative research is helpful for research scholar to improve their knowledge regarding research issue. In addition to this, qualitative research design aids an investigator to improve their knowledge with respect to research issue. The quantitative research design is exercised to assess the quantitative facts and figures regarding research subject issue. This technique is implemented to determine the opinion, belief, and ideas of research respondents. The mixed data pooling technique aids to acquire the appropriate result (Edmond, et al., 2015).

A research strategy is an effective element of research which facilitates a research to assess the research concern by pooling the attitude regarding research question in a methodological way (Jorsal, et al., 2017). A researcher can pool the contextual information and assess the data for obtaining a particular conclusion. They can exercise a high range of strategies of research such as survey through a questionnaire, observation, case study, interview, focused group, experiment, literature review (Buonfiglio, et al., 2017).

For this research, both surveys through questionnaire and interview strategies are implemented by a research scholar to gather the large quantity of information regarding placebo effect-a case of UK healthcare. Under the survey through questionnaire, close-ended questionnaire structure is executed to conduct the investigation. On the other side, open-ended questionnaire was chosen to conduct the interview on respondents. A research scholar could collect the data in minimum time and expenses by executing survey through a questionnaire (Hofmann, et al., 2016). It could improve the research quality and influence a large number of stakeholders. On the other hand, a research scholar has implemented interview strategy to gather the data regarding research concern. It also enables a research scholar to build liaison with respondents. Consequently, it aids to attain the aim and objectives of research in the specified time period (Kleveland, et al., 2016). An execution of interview strategy helps a research scholar to create a link with respondents. It also aids to obtain the appropriate outcome because of exercising both secondary and primary resources.        

The data gathering technique helps to gather feasible information by executing the different sources as it is beneficial to accomplish the predetermined research objectives. It is addressed that the feasible data pooling process allows an investigator to acquire authentic facts and figures with respect to research issue (Ashar, et al., 2017). Under this dissertation, certain sort of information gathering technique is included such as primary and secondary data pooling sources. In such way, primary information demonstrates the data which is collected from first-hand resources. There are several resources, which are entailed in primary data gathering technique like experimental, survey through a questionnaire, interview, and focus group. The secondary data gathering technique is helpful to gather the theoretical data regarding research issue (Giugliano, et al., 2017). Since, it is effective to attain the particular objectives in particular time duration. These sources of data are already published and it is predetermined by the investigator to acquire reliable and valid data. There are different techniques, which have entailed as secondary data gathering sources. These sources are a newspaper, articles, journals, online sources, governmental reports, magazines, and textbooks.

This research is used to analyze the effect of placebo. For this, a research scholar has chosen both primary and secondary data gathering technique to pool feasible data regarding research issue (Knorr, et al., 2016). Under this, the primary data gathering technique is beneficial to generate a direct link with participants as it could be effective for capture the beliefs and ideas about research subject matter. Furthermore, the secondary data gathering technique enables a research scholar to generate the theoretical aspect about the concern of research. The secondary data is gathered from different sources such as journals, articles, online websites, and academic publication. Survey through questionnaire and interview technique is implemented by an investigator to conduct the investigation. This technique is beneficial to reach at the appropriate conclusion. These techniques are supportive for a research scholar to obtain the views and beliefs of respondents about particular research issue (Bottoms, et al., 2014).           

After collecting the facts and figures, it is significant for the investigator to assess the gathered evidence by data analysis technique (Rosén, et al., 2017). In this way, there is a large number of data evaluation tool are exercised by the investigator to assess the gathered information such as determination of statistical, content and conversation analysis (Shepherd, et al., 2015). The data analysis tool is significant for effectively assessing data and obtains an appropriate outcome (Leonard, et al., 2016). The statistical data tool is implemented by an investigator to attain the goal and objective of the investigation. Under this, a research scholar has implemented different bar graphs and column charts to assess the collected data and obtain an appropriate result. It is significant for an investigator to modify the information into meaningful manner. In addition, MS-excel software is implemented by an investigator to obtain the appropriate result (Jörg, et al., 2018). It makes competent to the researcher to increase their knowledge regarding existing research concern.

Sampling is a technique to select the right applicant for acquiring the information about research subject matter. There is two sampling technique, which has been considered in the investigation such as probability and non-probability sampling technique (Lefebvre, et al., 2016). It helps an investigator to select the feasible sample size from a predetermined population (Tuttle, et al., 2015). The probability sampling technique is a significant method to pool the suitable sample size for conducting the investigation. This technique facilitates an investigator to randomly choose the research participants and conduct the research effectively (Mohammadpour, et al., 2018). This method also offers equivalent opportunities to choose the research participants. The non-probability sampling technique is implemented with the intention of choosing the participants as per the distinct standards like education, age, gender, and experience (Gunawardhana, et al., 2017). 

Under this dissertation, 50 patients who have believed in Placebo in their medical treatment and 5 doctors who have awareness about the placebo were chosen from UK healthcare industry. Under this dissertation, an investigator has executed random probability sampling technique to choose the respondents without partialities. It is beneficial to obtain the survey through questionnaire and interview (Moore, et al., 2017). An investigator has exercised email technique to give earlier information and take their consent from doctors and administration department for conducting the survey through questionnaire and interview (Baud, et al., 2016). Under this dissertation, an investigator facilitates accurate instruction to obtain the interview because it would be prominent for acquiring the valid and reliable result.  

An ethical consideration is significant for a researcher because of accomplishing the particular aim and objectives in an ethical way. Under this, an investigator has implemented the guidelines of university and college with regards to obtaining the investigation. A researcher has also maintained the privacy of respondents (Goodwin, et al., 2015). As a result, it can be significant to create a positive association in future.

Under this dissertation, there are some elements, which are entailed in the dissertation such as lack of plagiarism, copyright act violation, and lack of data manipulation. The reference concern could be overcome from the investigation by offering the credit to the actual writer (Rajakumar, et al., 2015). An investigator will give in-text in each paragraph hence it could aid to conduct the investigation in an ethical way. An investigator has implemented wide-ranging communication to assess the gathered information with regards to research issue. Furthermore, prior consent is essential for an investigator from targeted doctors and patients to conduct the valid data regarding research concern (Amidfar, et al., 2017). The ethical approach is prominent to gather the data from the doctors and patients. It is effective for an investigator to maintain the authenticity of research result. It also aids an investigator to arrive at the valid conclusion. A researcher has built instruction to keep the confidential information of research participants in the research (Osani and Bannuru, 2016).             

There are certain elements, which generates difficulty in the investigation to accomplish the aim and objectives. There are small numbers of respondents that have not demonstrated their awareness to contribute to interview and survey through a questionnaire (Khaw, et al., 2017). It could generate the trouble for an investigator to choose feasible sample size for completing the aim and objectives. Furthermore, cost, resources, and targeted time duration could restrict the investigator to conduct the research and obtain the appropriate result (Michaan, et al., 2016).  

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Chataway, J., Schuerer, N., Alsanousi, A., Chan, D., MacManus, D., Hunter, K., … & Fox, N. C. (2014) ‘Effect of high-dose simvastatin on brain atrophy and disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-STAT): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial’, The Lancet, 383(9936), pp. 2213-2221.

Chen, D. L., Huang, H. J., Byers, D. E., Shifren, A., Belikoff, B., Engle, J. T., … & Fujiwara, H. (2018) ‘The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist pioglitazone and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton have no effect on lung inflammation in healthy volunteers by positron emission tomography in a single-blind placebo-controlled cohort study’, PloS one, 13(2), p. e0191783.

Chen, D. L., Huang, H. J., Byers, D. E., Shifren, A., Belikoff, B., Engle, J. T., … & Fujiwara, H. (2018) ‘The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist pioglitazone and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton have no effect on lung inflammation in healthy volunteers by positron emission tomography in a single-blind placebo-controlled cohort study’, PloS one, 13(2), p. e0191783.

Chiswick, C., Reynolds, R. M., Denison, F., Drake, A. J., Forbes, S., Newby, D. E., … & Lashen, H. (2015) ‘Effect of metformin on maternal and fetal outcomes in obese pregnant women (EMPOWaR): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial’, The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology, 3(10), pp. 778-786.

Colagiuri, B., Schenk, L. A., Kessler, M. D., Dorsey, S. G., & Colloca, L. (2015) ‘The placebo effect: from concepts to genes’, Neuroscience, 307, pp. 171-190.

Crawford, G., Tovar, G., Olivier, F., Dilgil, M., Gudi, A., Shah, A., & Homburg, R. (2015) ‘The effect of intrauterine injection of seminal plasma on Ivf results a prospective double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial’ Bjog: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 122, pp. 379.

Cummings, J., Isaacson, S., Mills, R., Williams, H., Chi-Burris, K., Corbett, A., … & Ballard, C. (2014) ‘Pimavanserin for patients with Parkinson’s disease psychosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial’, The Lancet, 383(9916), pp. 533-540.

De Oliveira Jr, G. S., Bialek, J., Marcus, R. J., & McCarthy, R. (2017) ‘Dose-Ranging Effect of Systemic Diphenhydramine on Postoperative Quality of Recovery After Ambulatory Laparoscopic Surgery: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-blinded, Clinical Trial’, Survey of Anesthesiology, 61(2), pp. 34-35.

Demant, D. T., Lund, K., Vollert, J., Maier, C., Segerdahl, M., Finnerup, N. B., & Sindrup, S. H. (2014) ‘The effect of oxcarbazepine in peripheral neuropathic pain depends on pain phenotype: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phenotype-stratified study’, PAIN®, 155(11), pp. 2263-2273.

Durgam, S., Earley, W., Lu, K., Németh, G., Laszlovszky, I., Szatmári, B., … & Nasrallah, H. A. (2016) ‘Cariprazine for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: pooled post hoc analysis of 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-and active-controlled trials’, European Neuropsychopharmacology, 26, P. S552.

Edmond, K. M., Newton, S., Shannon, C., O’Leary, M., Hurt, L., Thomas, G., … & Bahl, R. (2015) ‘Effect of early neonatal vitamin A supplementation on mortality during infancy in Ghana (Neovita): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial’, The Lancet, 385(9975), pp. 1315-1323.

Espay, A. J., Norris, M. M., Eliassen, J. C., Dwivedi, A., Smith, M. S., Banks, C., & Szaflarski, J. P. (2015) ‘Placebo effect of medication cost in Parkinson disease A randomized double-blind study’, Neurology, 84(8), pp. 794-802.

Faisy, C., Meziani, F., Planquette, B., Clavel, M., Gacouin, A., Bornstain, C., … & Ricard, J. D. (2016) ‘Effect of acetazolamide vs placebo on duration of invasive mechanical ventilation among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial’, Jama, 315(5), pp. 480-488.

Farhang, B., & Grondin, L. (2018) ‘The Effect of Zinc Lozenge on Postoperative Sore Throat: A Prospective Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study’, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(1), pp. 78-83.

Fuchs, C. S., Tomasek, J., Yong, C. J., Dumitru, F., Passalacqua, R., Goswami, C., & Melichar, B. (2014) ‘Ramucirumab monotherapy for previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (REGARD): an international, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial’, The Lancet, 383(9911), pp. 31-39.

Garcia, J. (2015) Teaching the Placebo Effect. Academic Psychiatry, 39(1), pp.122-122.

Garcia-Peris, P., Velasco, C., Hernandez, M., Lozano, M. A., Paron, L., De La Cuerda, C., … & Guarner, F. (2016) ‘Effect of inulin and fructo-oligosaccharide on the prevention of acute radiation enteritis in patients with gynecological cancer and impact on quality-of-life: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial’, European journal of clinical nutrition, 70(2), p. 170.

Gaztanaga, J., Farkouh, M., Rudd, J. H., Brotz, T. M., Rosenbaum, D., Mani, V., … & Fayad, Z. A. (2015) ‘A phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effect of VIA-2291, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, on vascular inflammation in patients after an acute coronary syndrome’, Atherosclerosis, 240(1), pp. 53-60.

Gerdesmeyer, L., Klueter, T., Rahlfs, V. W., Muderis, M. A., Saxena, A., Gollwitzer, H., … & Prehn-Kristensen, A. (2017) ‘Randomized Placebo-Controlled Placebo Trial to Determine the Placebo Effect Size’, Pain physician, 20, pp. 387-396.

Ghosh, S., Ghosh, T., Mondal, R., Patra, S., Das, S., Ali, S. S., … & Saha, S. (2018) ‘Efficacy of Arsenicum album 30cH in preventing febrile episodes following DPT-HepB-Polio vaccination− a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial’, Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 36, pp. 59-62.

Giugliano, R. P., Mach, F., Zavitz, K., Kurtz, C., Schneider, J., Wang, H., … & Honarpour, N. (2017) ‘Design and rationale of the EBBINGHAUS trial: A phase 3, double?blind, placebo?controlled, multicenter study to assess the effect of evolocumab on cognitive function in patients with clinically evident cardiovascular disease and receiving statin background lipid?lowering therapy—A cognitive study of patients enrolled in the FOURIER trial’, Clinical cardiology, 40(2), pp. 59-65.

Glund, S., Stangier, J., Schmohl, M., Gansser, D., Norris, S., van Ryn, J., … & Reilly, P. (2015) ‘Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of idarucizumab for the reversal of the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran in healthy male volunteers: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 1 trial’, The Lancet, 386(9994), pp. 680-690.

Goodwin, P. J., Parulekar, W. R., Gelmon, K. A., Shepherd, L. E., Ligibel, J. A., Hershman, D. L., … & Thompson, A. M. (2015) ‘Effect of metformin vs placebo on weight and metabolic factors in NCIC CTG MA. 32’, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 107(3).

Gros, P., Chen, R., Feinstein, A., Lang, A. E., & Burke, M. J. (2017) ‘Neurostimulation for the treatment of functional neurological disorders: Novel therapeutic strategy or placebo effect?’, Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation, 10(2), p. 471.

Gunawardhana, L., McLean, L., Punzi, H. A., Hunt, B., Palmer, R. N., Whelton, A., & Feig, D. I. (2017) ‘Effect of Febuxostat on Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Subjects With Hyperuricemia and Hypertension: A Phase 2 Randomized Placebo?Controlled Study’, Journal of the American Heart Association, 6(11), p. e006683.

Hall, K. T., Loscalzo, J., & Kaptchuk, T. J. (2015) ‘Genetics and the placebo effect: the placebome’, Trends in molecular medicine, 21(5), pp. 285-294.

Hammami, M. M., Hammami, S., Al-Swayeh, R., Al-Gaai, E., Farah, F. A., & De Padua, S. J. (2016) ‘Drug* placebo interaction effect may bias clinical trials interpretation: hybrid balanced placebo and randomized placebo-controlled design’, BMC medical research methodology, 16(1), P. 166.

Han, Y., Kwon, E. Y., Yu, M. K., Lee, S. J., Kim, H. J., Kim, S. B., … & Choi, M. S. (2018) ‘A Preliminary Study for Evaluating the Dose-Dependent Effect of d-Allulose for Fat Mass Reduction in Adult Humans: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial’, Nutrients, 10(2), p. 160.

Hofmann, S. G., Fang, A., & Brager, D. N. (2015) ‘Effect of intranasal oxytocin administration on psychiatric symptoms: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies’, Psychiatry research, 228(3), p. 708.

Hofmann, S. G., Fang, A., & Brager, D. N. (2016) ‘Notice of Retraction and Replacement: Hofmann et al. Effect of intranasal oxytocin administration on psychiatric symptoms: A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies’, Psychiatry Research, 228, pp. 708-714.

Huttner, A., Dayer, J. A., Yerly, S., Combescure, C., Auderset, F., Desmeules, J., & Kaya, G. (2015) ‘The effect of dose on the safety and immunogenicity of the VSV Ebola candidate vaccine: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1/2 trial’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 15(10), pp.1156-1166.

Jörg, L., Pecaric?Petkovic, T., Reichenbach, S., Coslovsky, M., Stalder, O., Pichler, W., & Hausmann, O. (2018) ‘Double?blind placebo?controlled trial of the effect of omalizumab on basophils in chronic urticaria patients’, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 48(2), pp. 196-204.

Jorsal, A., Kistorp, C., Holmager, P., Tougaard, R. S., Nielsen, R., Hänselmann, A., … & Boesgaard, T. W. (2017) ‘Effect of liraglutide, a glucagon?like peptide?1 analogue, on left ventricular function in stable chronic heart failure patients with and without diabetes (LIVE)—a multicentre, double?blind, randomised, placebo?controlled trial’, European journal of heart failure, 19(1), pp. 69-77.

Kam-Hansen, S., Jakubowski, M., Kelley, J. M., Kirsch, I., Hoaglin, D. C., Kaptchuk, T. J., & Burstein, R. (2014) ‘Altered placebo and drug labeling changes the outcome of episodic migraine attacks’, Science translational medicine, 6(218), pp. 218ra5-218ra5.

Khaw, K. T., Stewart, A. W., Waayer, D., Lawes, C. M., Toop, L., Camargo Jr, C. A., & Scragg, R. (2017) ‘Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on falls and non-vertebral fractures: secondary and post-hoc outcomes from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled ViDA trial’, The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 5(6), pp. 438-447.

Kleveland, O., Kunszt, G., Bratlie, M., Ueland, T., Broch, K., Holte, E., … & Aakhus, S. (2016) ‘Effect of a single dose of the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab on inflammation and troponin T release in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial’, European heart journal, 37(30), pp. 2406-2413.

Knorr, U., Koefoed, P., Gluud, C., Wetterslev, J., Winkel, P., Gether, U., … & Kessing, L. V. (2016) ‘Effect of escitalopram versus placebo on GRα messenger RNA expression in peripheral blood cells of healthy individuals with a family history of depression–a secondary outcome analysis from the randomized AGENDA trial’, Nordic journal of psychiatry, 70(4), pp. 297-302.

Kohavi, L., Sprecher, E., Zur, E., & Artzi, O. (2017) ‘The Effect of Tranilast 8% Liposomal Gel Versus Placebo on Post-Cesarean Surgical Scars: A Prospective Double-Blind Split-Scar Study’, Dermatologic Surgery, 43(9), pp. 1157-1163.

Koog, Y. H. (2016) ‘Effect of placebo acupuncture over no-treatment: a simple model incorporating the placebo and nocebo effects’, Complementary therapies in medicine, 24, pp. 69-72.

Kristensen, S., Schmidt, E. B., Schlemmer, A., Rasmussen, C., Johansen, M. B., & Christensen, J. H. (2018) ‘Beneficial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammation and analgesic use in psoriatic arthritis: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial’, Scandinavian journal of rheumatology, 47(1), pp. 27-36.

Lefebvre, J. C., & Bednar, J. T. (2016) ‘Causes and Consequences: Pain Research and the Placebo Effect’, Questioning Causality: Scientific Explorations of Cause and Consequence Across Social Contexts, p. 185.

Leonard, M. B., Shults, J., Long, J., Baldassano, R. N., Brown, J. K., Hommel, K., … & Lee, D. (2016) ‘Effect of Low?Magnitude Mechanical Stimuli on Bone Density and Structure in Pediatric Crohn’s Disease: A Randomized Placebo?Controlled Trial’, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 31(6), pp. 1177-1188.

Lewis, S. (2016) ‘Neuroimmunology: Immune to the placebo effect’, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(9), pp. 535-535.

Lindheimer, J. B., O’Connor, P. J., & Dishman, R. K. (2015) ‘Quantifying the placebo effect in psychological outcomes of exercise training: a meta-analysis of randomized trials’, Sports Medicine, 45(5), pp. 693-711.

Little, P., Hayward, G., Hay, A., Moore, M., Jawad, S., Williams, N., & Perrera, R. (2017) ‘Effect of oral dexamethasone without immediate antibiotics vs placebo on acute sore throats in adults: a randomized clinical trial’, JAMA, 317(15), pp. 1535-1543.

Lubotzky, A., & Aran, A. (2017) ‘THE PLACEBO EFFECT-NEUROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS’, Harefuah, 156(3), pp.181-184.

Masanja, H., Smith, E. R., Muhihi, A., Briegleb, C., Mshamu, S., Ruben, J., … & Bahl, R. (2015) ‘Effect of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on mortality in infants in Tanzania (Neovita): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial’, The Lancet, 385(9975), pp.1324-1332.

McInnes, I. B. Giles, J. T., Bathon, J. M., Salmon, J. E., Beaulieu, A. D., & Sattar, N. (2015) ‘Effect of interleukin-6 receptor blockade on surrogates of vascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: MEASURE, a randomised, placebo-controlled study’, Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 74(4), pp. 694-702.

Michaan, N., Baruch, Y., Topilsky, M., Amzalag, S., Iaskov, I., Many, A., & Maslovitz, S. (2016) ‘The effect of glucose administration on perceived fetal movements in women with decreased fetal movement, a double-blinded placebo-controlled trial’, Journal of Perinatology, 36(8), p. 598.

Miller, P. D., Hattersley, G., Riis, B. J., Williams, G. C., Lau, E., Russo, L. A., … & Fitzpatrick, L. A. (2016) ‘Effect of abaloparatide vs placebo on new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial’, Jama, 316(7), pp. 722-733.

Mohammadpour, N., Jazayeri, S., Tehrani-Doost, M., Djalali, M., Hosseini, M., Effatpanah, M., … & Karami, E. (2018) ‘Effect of vitamin D supplementation as adjunctive therapy to methylphenidate on ADHD symptoms: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial’, Nutritional neuroscience, 21(3), pp. 202-209.

Moore, C. M., Robertson, N. L., Jichi, F., Damola, A., Ambler, G., Giganti, F., … & Arya, M. (2017) ‘The effect of dutasteride on magnetic resonance imaging defined prostate cancer: MAPPED—A Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial’, The Journal of urology, 197(4), pp. 1006-1013.

Moreira?Lucas, T. S., Duncan, A. M., Rabasa?Lhoret, R., Vieth, R., Gibbs, A. L., Badawi, A., & Wolever, T. (2017) ‘Effect of vitamin D supplementation on oral glucose tolerance in individuals with low vitamin D status and increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes (EVIDENCE): A double?blind, randomized, placebo?controlled clinical trial’, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 19(1), pp. 133-141.

Morrison, R. L., Fedgchin, M., Singh, J., Van Gerven, J., Zuiker, R., Lim, K. S., … & Drevets, W. C. (2018) ‘Effect of intranasal esketamine on cognitive functioning in healthy participants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study’, Psychopharmacology, pp. 1-13.

Osani, M. C., & Bannuru, R. R. (2016) ‘What clinicians should know about differential placebo effects’, Journal of comparative effectiveness research, 5(3), pp. 289-296.

Pelusi, C., Giagulli, V. A., Baccini, M., Fanelli, F., Mezzullo, M., Fazzini, A., … & Labate, A. M. M. (2017) ‘Clomiphene citrate effect in obese men with low serum testosterone treated with metformin due to dysmetabolic disorders: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study’, PloS one, 12(9), p. e0183369.

Quraishi, S. A., De Pascale, G., Needleman, J. S., Nakazawa, H., Kaneki, M., Bajwa, E. K., … & Bhan, I. (2015) ‘Effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on vitamin D status and cathelicidin levels in sepsis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial’, Critical care medicine, 43(9), p. 1928.

Raine, A., Portnoy, J., Liu, J., Mahoomed, T., & Hibbeln, J. R. (2015) ‘Reduction in behavior problems with omega?3 supplementation in children aged 8–16 years: a randomized, double?blind, placebo?controlled, stratified, parallel?group trial’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(5), pp. 509-520.

Rajakumar, K., Moore, C. G., Yabes, J., Olabopo, F., Haralam, M. A., Comer, D., … & Holick, M. F. (2015) ‘Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation in black and in white children: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial’, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 100(8), pp. 3183-3192.

Ridker, P. M., MacFadyen, J. G., Thuren, T., Everett, B. M., Libby, P., Glynn, R. J., & Siostrzonek, P. (2017) ‘Effect of interleukin-1β inhibition with canakinumab on incident lung cancer in patients with atherosclerosis: exploratory results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial’, The Lancet, 390(10105), pp. 1833-1842.

Røjskjær, J. O., Gade, E., Kiel, L. B., Lind, M. N., Pedersen, L. M., Kristensen, B. B., … & Foss, N. B. (2015) ‘Analgesic effect of ultrasound?guided transversus abdominis plane block after total abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized, double?blind, placebo?controlled trial’, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 94(3), pp. 274-278.

Rosén, A., Yi, J., Kirsch, I., Kaptchuk, T. J., Ingvar, M., & Jensen, K. B. (2017) ‘Effects of subtle cognitive manipulations on placebo analgesia–An implicit priming study’, European Journal of Pain, 21(4), pp. 594-604.

Rovner, A. J., Stallings, V. A., Rutstein, R., Schall, J. I., Leonard, M. B., & Zemel, B. S. (2017) ‘Effect of high-dose cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3) on bone and body composition in children and young adults with HIV infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial’, Osteoporosis International, 28(1), pp. 201-209.

Sabbagh, M. N., Ramaswamy, S., Hampel, H., & Bruinsma, B. (2017) ‘DIFFERENCE IN COGNITIVE DECLINE BETWEEN COMBINATION THERAPY WITH DONEPEZIL AND INTEPIRDINE (RVT-101) AND DONEPEZIL MONOTHERAPY: RESULTS FROM A 48 WEEK MULTINATIONAL PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY IN MILD TO MODERATE ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE’, Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 13(7), pp. 263-264.

Shepherd, A. I., Wilkerson, D. P., Dobson, L., Kelly, J., Winyard, P. G., Jones, A. M., … & Gilchrist, M. (2015) ‘The effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on the oxygen cost of cycling, walking performance and resting blood pressure in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A double blind placebo controlled, randomised control trial’, Nitric Oxide, 48, pp. 31-37.

Shukla, G. S., & Rai, P. K. (2015) ‘Effect of placebo on depression’, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 6(2), p. 903.

Simon, J. A., Chandler, J., Gottesdiener, K., Lazarus, N., He, W., Rosenberg, E., … & Denker, A. E. (2014) ‘Diary of hot flashes reported upon occurrence: results of a randomized double-blind study of raloxifene, placebo, and paroxetine’, Menopause, 21(9), pp. 938-944.

Sørensen, J. K., Jæger, P., Dahl, J. B., Gottschau, B., Stephensen, S. L., & Grevstad, U. (2016) ‘The isolated effect of adductor canal block on quadriceps femoris muscle strength after total knee arthroplasty: a triple-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with individual patient analysis’, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 122(2), pp. 553-558.

Tahapary, D. L., de Ruiter, K., Martin, I., Brienen, E. A., van Lieshout, L., Cobbaert, C. M., … & Sartono, E. (2017) ‘Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia’, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 65(5), pp. 764-771.

Tuttle, A. H., Tohyama, S., Ramsay, T., Kimmelman, J., Schweinhardt, P., Bennett, G. J., & Mogil, J. S. (2015) ‘Increasing placebo responses over time in US clinical trials of neuropathic pain’, Pain, 156(12), pp. 2616-2626.

Violi, F., Targher, G., Vestri, A., Carnevale, R., Averna, M., Farcomeni, A., … & Pastori, D. (2017) ‘Effect of aspirin on renal disease progression in patients with type 2 diabetes: A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, The renaL disEase progression by aspirin in diabetic pAtients (LEDA) trial’, Rationale and study design. American heart journal, 189, pp.120-127.

Wang, I. K., Wu, Y. Y., Yang, Y. F., Ting, I. W., Lin, C. C., Yen, T. H., … & Lin, H. C. (2015) ‘The effect of probiotics on serum levels of cytokine and endotoxin in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial’, Beneficial microbes, 6(4), pp. 423-430.

Warwick, J., Falaschetti, E., Rockwood, K., Mitnitski, A., Thijs, L., Beckett, N., … & Peters, R. (2015) ‘No evidence that frailty modifies the positive impact of antihypertensive treatment in very elderly people: an investigation of the impact of frailty upon treatment effect in the HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET) study, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of antihypertensives in people with hypertension aged 80 and over’, BMC medicine, 13(1), P. 78.

Wilhelm, M., Winkler, A., Rief, W., & Doering, B. K. (2016) ‘Effect of placebo groups on blood pressure in hypertension: a meta-analysis of beta-blocker trials’, Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 10(12), pp. 917-929.

Youssef, E. A., Berry-Kravis, E., Czech, C., Hagerman, R. J., Hessl, D., Wong, C. Y., … & Drewitt, P. (2018) ‘Effect of the mGluR5-NAM basimglurant on behavior in adolescents and adults with Fragile X syndrome in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: fragXis phase 2 results’, Neuropsychopharmacology, 43(3), p. 503.