General objective

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The change in the system of work over the next six months will have impacts on the staff, administrators, and the client in one way or the other affecting the service quality offered to the client.

General objective

To assess the impacts of the twenty hour work week system on the staff and clients

1. To find out the advantages of the 20 hour work week
2. To determine the problems encountered by the staff with the 20 hour work week
3. To find out comments received by the staff from, clients about services after the 20 hour work week
4. To find out suggestions by staff to improve the client services while maintaining the 20 hour work week system

Recently, the accounting firm decided to reduce weekly working hours to twenty hours a week to try to improve the productivity and work-life balance of their staff. To achieve this, there is need to have adequate personnel at each office at every working time Monday to Friday 9 am to 5 pm. To make this possible, there is need to have a meeting on Monday every week to nominate the days and hours they will work that following week (Demerouti, Derks, Lieke and Bakker 2014)

A qualitative “approach” generally describes the thought about performing a qualitative study. The purpose of the qualitative study is describe explicitly and implicitly by this approach. Moreover, researchers’ role, research phases and data analysis method are also described. Ethnography describe a wider field with vast array of methods and practitioner. Nevertheless,   participant observation remains the common one.

The ethnographer remains engrossed in culture as he participates actively and document wider field notes.  No predetermined restriction of whatever will be observed like in ground theory and no actual point of ending in this research. Phenomenology focuses on individuals’ experience subjectively and their world’s interpretation. A phenomenologist is always determined to fathom the appearance of the world in the eye of others.  

(c) Population from which participants will be selected

This accounting firm has offices in each capital city on all states including Canberra, Newcastle, Toowoomba, and Cairns, whereby over one thousand advisory and taxation officers  are employed together with 500 administrative staff. This is the population size of 1500 staff members.

(d) Sample size selection

From the 1500 staff in all the state capital cities and other cities where the firm is, samples will be selected by systematic random sampling. Each firm branch shall have a representative staff member and an administrative staff. From the 500 administrative staff, I will randomly get a sample out 50 administrators and out of the 1000 staff I will randomly pick 200 participants from different cities to avoid biasness.

(e) Selection of sample participants from the population

Specific objectives

Staff from the firms that get the highest number of clients will have the upper hand in the number of participants in the research. Each firm branch would produce at least an administrator and two staff members to take part in the research. The state capital cities would have full representation by members of the staff considering gender balance from each branch (Flick 2014).

(f) Data collection

The questionnaire will be sent to a big population to save both money and time for the investigator. Individuals remain truthful when responding to questions about conflicting matters in specific since the responses remain anonymous. However, people further have limitations. Most of the potential respondents fail to send back the questionnaires and hence there is lack of effective representation of the sample originally selected (Holloway and Galvin 2016).

(g) Provide examples of 3 questions

1.    What are the advantages of the twenty hour work week system?

This question will be used to gauge the merits of the benefits accrued by staff from the new system.

1.    What are the problems encountered with the twenty hour work week

This question will give staff the chance to air their complaints on the new work system. Change comes with some challenges, so it is expected that the staff will have their take on the negative side of the system.

This question will enable the firm come up with ideal mitigation measures on the problems coming along with the change of system to improve the quality of service offered to clients and enhance staff satisfaction.

(h) Steps were taken to analyze the data

Descriptive statistics would be utilized in analyzing data for percentages and frequency distribution tables alongside mean.  Analysis of data for percentages and frequencies distribution tables and mean. Analysis of data would be conducted through inferential statistics primarily using linear regression and correlation. Data collected would be coded and analyzed using STATA software.

Analysis of data will commence immediately and account of will be ran continuously in the notes. Analysis always commence alongside data gathering and remains iterative process that goes on over the field work and beyond (Graban 2016).

Data analysis is collaborative and more than one analysts always produce better results than one. It should never be performed by a single individual and it remains desirable to combine minds to guarantee a cross-check, new idea generation and sounding board.

Ample time is essential to undertake analysis and subsequent compilation as these are time-consuming processes.  Thus a realistic budget must always factor both time and money for writing and analytic processes.

Justification

Computer software package selection for analysis (qualitative) amongst word processors, text base managers, word retrievers, programs for code-and-retrieve, theory builders code-based, alongside conceptual network builders must be effective based on their strengths and weaknesses. A researcher must be concerned about types, data sources and amount to be examined alongside the analysis types to be undertaken.

(i) Limitations?

These findings might have an improper representation of the targeted group, and one will not get the desired aims and achievements. Irrespective of the suitable plan for sampling, subject representation relies on analyzed data (Prince, Comas-Herrera, Knapp, Guerchet and Karagiannidou 2016)

Occasionally, scholars are faced with challenges of controlling environment upon which responses are drawn from the respondents.  This responses always rely on specific period that is further reliant on prevailing environmental conditions in given timeframe and the ability of people to answer your questions.

 Qualitative study calls for extensive analysis statistically and sometimes it is problematic for scholars since they do not have the correct statistics. Statistical analysis is based on scientific research and not the mathematical way which becomes difficult.

It is postulated that mixed model can be used to show the difference between designs of research incorporating the qualitative and the quantitative one from researchers taking part in the two research methods. These are transformed data sets from one form to another where the data can be modified by square root, squares, logarithms or any other mode of transformation to make it more useful in analysis. This way the two forms of data can be combined (Caracelli and Green)

Participatory budgeting is a decision making process geared towards involvement of the ordinary member of the society or community/citizen to coming up with suitable and considerate policies governing the distribution of resources and to curb vices as corruption in the leadership system of the public sector (Merriam and Tisdell 2015). The supreme authority should ensure that seminars, meetings and forums are conducted quite often several times per year so that to ensure that the citizen understands whatever policy is implemented (Glaser and Strauss 2017).

These formal and informal sessions engage citizens in policy implementation, and set a priority list of social amenities and criticize expenditure.  Participatory budgeting must collectively consider all the classes in the society, political class and middle class. Those in authority together with their cabinet set up this decision making to engage everyone in the county or country to gain something, work on the legislature and the judicial system by coming up with better methods of resource distribution and utilization as well as correct the loopholes in treasury (Ross 2017).

1.    Literature

1.    12-30-2012 Transformative Deliberations: Participatory Budgeting in the United States Holly Russon Gilman Harvard University, [email protected]
2.    Public sector governance and accountability series participatory budgeting edited by Anwar Shah ©2007
3.    Mobilization, Participatory Planning Institutions, and Elite Capture: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Rural Kenya RYAN SHEELY* Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Cambridge, USA
4.    Participatory Budgeting as if Emancipation Mattered Gianpaolo Baiocchi, Ernesto Ganuza First Published January 24, 2014
5. c.    Summary of article findings above

Why qualitative approach

Transformative deliberations explain two models as per empirical data to assess decision making within adoptions of participatory budgeting. The first model is outcome oriented while the second is process oriented. Participatory budgeting tries to combine the two goals to come up with improved short-term service delivery.

The public sector governance aims to advance the well-functioning of all public services consistent with citizens’ preferences. It facilitates learning from each other’s experiences. The series distills current wisdom and presents tools of analysis to improve efficiency, equity, and efficacy (Goetsch and Davis 2014).

Mobilization, participatory planning institutions test the linkage between elite capture and mobilization in participatory institutions using randomized experiments in Kenya. Mobilization has a significant influence on participation (Ikemoto, Taliaferro, Fenton and Davis 2014). The elite controls the institution planning.

Local participation has acquired a new level of decision making over the last ten years. Incorporating local knowledge in decision making is essential. It leads to equitable allocation of resources and reduction in corruption and rent-seeking.

1.    Writing an argument

From the four articles listed above, there is a remarkable impact on participatory budgeting in the current world (Porter and Kramer 2019). It leads to improved knowledge among the locals. Increase awareness to the general public. It promotes active engagement among people. It also helps to reduce corruption and rent-seeking among the locals. It boosts the role of political parties, national authorities, and institutions.

1.    Cultural dimensions of power

  The power distance index is used to describe the less powerful members of any community, institution or any formal institution where these people have a firm belief that power is unfairly distributed in governing them (Dhar 2015). Their perception of power is that it is accrued from the lower level members of the society. Many people believe that power is there to be exercised on the people that establish it that are the society.  Only a few people can try to attest to power and authority (Hofstede, 2015).

Individuality seeks to find out the degree of believe in the value of social unity and bonding not primarily family as a basic unit but working as a team society rather than attributing to personal effort and success. This is, in turn, is challenged by collectivism which defines a society that works with great strength and team effort to achieve its main objectives. This society works beyond family level into the extended family and beyond. (Hosted 2015; Hofstede 1991)

1.    The research on the impact of Hofstede’s cultural dimension has provided an opportunity to widen the knowledge of participatory budgeting linked to the factor human inequality (Cameron and Green 2015). Power distance consumption and status where people of different status symbols have interest in various products. Prestige branded product where the brand is one of the primary product identifiers (Dabholkar 2015).
2.    Factors that influence participation in budgeting

Creating awareness is a critical tool in getting citizens to take part in participatory budgeting. It is very essential to equip the society with the necessary knowledge of what is expected of them. Use of social media, posters, radio stations, television sets, and use of the door to door campaigns can as well be beneficial in creating awareness on the value of participatory budgeting (Cameron and Green 2015).

Population from which participants will be selected

It was exposed that the type of rules among other intrinsic human factors that influenced participatory budgeting included people’s perception of the government, their attitudes towards the authority, coordination level, resource allocation and the value of the society as perceived by their government. These behavioral features affected their progress, planning, and development as a society (Burwell 2015).

The study established that that population characteristics as age, gender, marital status, multiple roles of women in the family setup, level of community trust, fairness, clarity in and transparency of the processes, personal character, and community culture, belief systems were among the influenced public participation in integrated development planning process (Allison and Kaye 2011).

Participatory budgeting is where the citizens or locals of a particular municipality or country are involved in the decision process concerning their budgeting and resource utilization by their authority. This would end up in a situation with reduced cases of corruption and rent-seeking. This, in turn, will lead to advanced resource equity and efficiency. People are involved directly in policy-decision making process. Throughout the year, meetings are held that bring citizens together to partake in resource allocation and wide social policies prioritization and public expenditure monitoring.   

References

Allison, M. and Kaye, J., 2011. Strategic planning for nonprofit organizations: A practical guide and workbook. John Wiley & Sons.

Burwell, S.M., 2015. Setting value-based payment goals—HHS efforts to improve US health care. N Engl J Med, 372(10), pp.897-899.

Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015. Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers.

Dabholkar, P.A., 2015. How to improve perceived service quality by increasing customer participation. In Proceedings of the 1990 academy of marketing science (AMS) annual conference (pp. 483-487). Springer, Cham.

Demerouti, E., Derks, D., Lieke, L. and Bakker, A.B., 2014. New ways of working: Impact on working conditions, work–family balance, and well-being. In The impact of ICT on quality of working life (pp. 123-141). Springer, Dordrecht.

Dhar, R.L., 2015. Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Tourism Management, 46, pp.419-430.

European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2014. Changes over time–First findings from the fifth European Working Conditions Survey. Publications Office of the European Union.

Flick, U., 2014. An introduction to qualitative research. Sage.

Gentles, S.J., Charles, C., Ploeg, J. and McKibbon, K.A., 2015. Sampling in qualitative research: Insights from an overview of the methods literature. The Qualitative Report, 20(11), p.1772.

Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L., 2017. Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge.

Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson.

Graban, M., 2016. Lean hospitals: improving quality, patient safety, and employee engagement. CRC press.

Holloway, I. and Galvin, K., 2016. Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley & Sons.

Ikemoto, G., Taliaferro, L., Fenton, B. and Davis, J., 2014. Great Principals at Scale: Creating District Conditions That Enable All Principals to Be Effective. New Leaders.

 Merriam, S.B. and Tisdell, E.J., 2015. Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.

Porter, M.E. and Kramer, M.R., 2019. Creating shared value. In Managing Sustainable Business (pp. 327-350). Springer, Dordrecht.

Prince, M., Comas-Herrera, A., Knapp, M., Guerchet, M. and Karagiannidou, M., 2016. World Alzheimer report 2016: improving healthcare for people living with dementia: coverage, quality and costs now and in the future.

Ross, J.E., 2017. Total quality management: Text, cases, and readings. Routledge.