Climate Change as a Security Threat in Bangladesh

Discuss about the Impact Of Climate Change And Human Security In Bangladesh.

In the current era, climate change is considered one of the biggest threats encountered by Bangladesh due to which country is most visible. The change in climate takes place due to the distinctive geographic location, low altitude from the sea, the supremacy of floodplains, high population density, high level of poverty and dependency on nature. Bangladesh has a history of thrilling climate events which claimed millions of lives and destroyed past development gains. This is a fact that climate modifications are corroding the assets, investments and eventually future of the country. In addition, the impact of it has challenged expansion efforts, human security and upcoming years of a citizen within a country. The influence of climate change can be observed from varying monsoon, early rainfall, hotter summers, heavy rainfall instigating water lodging and landslides, little rainfall in the dry period, increase in the flow of river water, recurrence of floods, crop damage and failure, increased mortality, occurrence and outbreak of dengue (Brammer, 2016).

The fluctuation in the climate is measured as security threat which affects most on humans. Change in climate leads to insecurities for food, property, life, water, and livelihood within the country. The impact of climate low down the securities which can be experienced from the environmental degradation; deprivation of land resources eventually reduces food and health security (Amin, Zhang & Yang, 2015). Thus, it results in increasing conflicts over resources and livelihood. The climate change is adding stress to the country and contributing to instability, displacement, and migration. The rise in the number of victims of climate change has enhanced the concern for the country. This report explores the impact of climate change and human security in Bangladesh. Along with this, there is discussion related to the problems that are stemming from climate fluctuations. Further, the policy responses are explained by undertaking national and international aspects (Siddiqui & Bhuiyan, 2017).

Bangladesh is threatened due to the negative impact of climate change on the country as well as on humans. The unpredictable weather integrated with changes in rainfall and temperature can worse food, water, and energy shortages. The frequent number of natural disasters linked to man-made disasters could affect the capacity of the country. It can lead to the unregulated migration and competition within the country (Lu, et. al. 2016). Along with this, climate fluctuations lead to the challenges for local, regional or global peace and stability of Bangladesh. These challenges are: –

Impact of Climate Change on Human Security in Bangladesh

Firstly the unpredictable weather patterns that are linked to changes in rainfall and temperature can result in worsening food, water, and energy. Secondly, in the developing countries like Bangladesh, it has been observed that natural disaster affect the capacity (Ahmed & Diana, 2015). It could lead to unfettered migration and competition for the depleting resources. The salinization rising sea level and drought can make the area in ruins and threaten the existence of population on a coastal country.

Human death is considered as the most consistent measure of human loss. It is estimated that in the last twenty years, more than 1.5 billion people are killed by natural disasters. Bangladesh faced frequent natural disaster even without any change in climate. It causes loss to humans and sufferings with the damage to the infrastructure, property and the assets. It also puts a harmful impact on livelihood, especially on the poor section of society in the country. Though this is the fact that Bangladesh has achieved remarkable growth but still, poverty and human loss reduction are still high in the country. The country has the highest disaster mortality rate with 516,239 deaths from 1970 to 2005. Out of 516,239, 251,384 deaths took place because of cyclones. The country accounts for more than 60% deaths for the occurrence of cyclones.

The influence of climate change in Bangladesh has the capacity to intensify existing vulnerabilities to an extent which threatens the survival of humans in the most affected portions of the country. There are also some uncertainties related to the timing and degree of climate change which means that direction of change is not clear (Banu, et. al. 2014). The government of a country has identified a range of climate change threats and associated impacts which are stated below:

• The increased regular tropical cyclones result in more damage to the coastline region.
• The heavier and irregular rainfall during monsoon results in:

1. The higher river flow breaches dams and causes flooding in urban and rural areas.
2. Riverbank destruction causes loss of residential and agricultural land.
3. The increased sedimentation in rivers leads to waterlogging.

• On the other side, lower and unpredictable rainfall causes droughts in the northern and western area of Bangladesh (Alauddin & Sarker, 2014).
• Melting of Himalayan glacier results in a high flow of water in rivers especially in the warmer months and low river fall after dwindling of glaciers.
• The increasing level of sea causes submergence of low lying coastline areas. It affects the supply of fresh water, water lodging potential and drainage congestion affects Sundarbans mangrove forests.
• The warm and humid weather leads to a rise in diseases.

Following are the elaborations of climate change and security issue:

Food security: The damage to crop is increasing due to the cyclone, flood, storms, and drought within the country. Salinity and permanent elaborations are limiting production of the crop (Dasgupta, Hossain, Huq & Wheeler, 2015).

Water security: The scarcity of water has reduced rainfall, extended the dry season and drought in Bangladesh. Impurity of freshwater resources with salty water has been reported in the coastline aquifer (Kirby, et. al. 2016).

Loss of property and life: There is a rise in the number of persons who are suffering from the destruction of their property and life. The cyclone, storms, floods; river erosion destroys and damages property of people comprising a house, plot, cattle and other assets. The regular disasters within Bangladesh lead to increase in destruction and loss in many folds.

Climate Change Issues and Challenges in Bangladesh

Land deprivation and loss: The river and coastal corrosion are aggressively increasing due to land degradation and loss. A 45 cm sea level rise is going to deluge nearly 10.9% of the territory and will relocate 5.5 million populations of coastal states (Ahsan & Warner, 2014). The use of land for farming and shrimp is declining and creating conflicts.

Loss of livelihoods: The livelihood opportunities are reducing due to loss and degradation of land, scarcity of water, floods and other hazards in Bangladesh. The rough sea has limited fishing opportunities which affect livelihoods. The health hazards and malnutrition has reduced the number of working days and opportunities (Kabir, et. al. 2016).

Insecurity of women:  The section which is suffering from disasters is women and unrecognised communities. It is because they do not receive any notice in time and women have to take care of kids, elder and disable persons.

Dislocation: People are bound to relocate from their place. It raises struggles for resources at the place they shift. It has been seen that most migrants end up in urban areas like Dhaka. There are shreds of evidence which shows that such people are contributing to rising crime and insecurity in the areas they move (Chiba, Shaw & Prabhakar, 2017).

The impression of climate change is multi-dimensional and interconnected within the country. The impacts of climate change are observable in the country in the form of extreme temperature, irregular rain, several floods, cyclones etc. as all these elements hit the historical record of the country. Thus, it can be said that it is on-going and changing process within Bangladesh. The country experienced the lowest temperature in 2007 which was 5 degree Celsius. Over 100,000 people were affected by temperature and number of death reached 130.

The number of floods has been increased in last three decades. The number of tropical cyclones and storm surges has increased considerably. As a result, the number of fishing days has been reduced in numbers due to increased risk of natural disaster. Due to the rise in sea level, the coastline zone of Bangladesh will be exposed to rough seas, cyclones, storm surges and long-lasting flood.

The population of Bangladesh is expected to rise by 130 million in the next 50 years. The climate change in the country will also make worst current environmental conditions. It will give rise to land degradation, the shortfall in food production, poverty and turbulence within the country. Other than these factors, climate changes in the country will challenge the ability to attain high rates of economic growth that are required to sustain achieved reductions in poverty (Dasgupta, Hossain, Huq & Wheeler, 2018).

Climate Change Threats and Impacts on Bangladesh

Human security can be attained when the vital core of human lives is protected from serious threats. It covers both freedoms from wants and freedom from fear. It identifies how individuals and communities understand their security. The efforts have been made by the government of Bangladesh to improve human security situation (Uddin, Bokelmann & Entsminger, 2014). It includes the establishment of law and order monitoring committees, preparation of legal instruments, anti-corruption commission, national human rights commission, and ombudsman. The human insecurity includes various factors such as:

Economic insecurity: The types of economic insecurity recognized are general poverty, economic manipulation and price hikes of basic produces. The 50% population of the country is below the poverty line. Both poverty and idleness are a great concern for most people in the country. Poverty emphasizes various problems like food insecurity. People lack land and agricultural harvests to grow their own food and order it from others (Chowdhury & Moore, 2017). The lack of resources makes harder access to basic services like education, sanitation, and healthcare.

Health insecurity: The poor health insecurity contains the risk of health problems that are related to poverty. It also includes contagious diseases and low standard of the healthcare facility. Ill health is considered as the biggest danger to human security and it also challenges the social and economic development (Hossain, Hein, Rip & Dearing, 2015). The population level is also responsible for influencing standards of healthcare. The growth of population also leads to the rise in other types of insecurity and enhance the pressure on land and infrastructural resources. Several factors show that Bangladesh suffers from overpopulation.

Food insecurity: The food insecurity is considered as one of the major problems which are becoming a concern for the government of a country. In addition, the stability of food is a big challenge for people in Bangladesh. The food security is closely related to environmental insecurity. It is relevant to the fact that natural disaster destroys a large quantity of food and disrupts agricultural production (Ahsan & Brandt, 2015). The degradation of the environment also reduces the productivity of land in long term.

The frequent climate fluctuations are expected to have a harmful effect on the country. The natural disasters are great in magnitude. The environmental destruction is not the only cause of climate change but it also drives enormous social changes. Masses of people have migrated from the distraught areas. It could further lead to a downfall in living standards and increase in social disorder (Whitehead, et. al. 2018).

Human Security in Bangladesh

The local authority and government have a significant role in human security especially at the level of union Parishad that is a tier of local government in Bangladesh. Persons usually like to go to the local governments to deal with most problems. At the same time, it is observed that changes in climate will continue. It is anticipated that pre-monsoon rainfall will be reduced whereas monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall will be augmented. The maximum temperature on an average monthly basis will surge monsoon period and other periods will be decreased. The effect of climate change in the country is going to make difficult to achieve millennium development goals (Mechler & Bouwer, 2015). The climate change in the country includes uncertainty regarding timing, magnitude and considerable threat to human security. Therefore it is essential for the country to be prepared to adopt climate change and defend future wellbeing of the population.

Bangladesh found climate change as one of the biggest threat as it puts an impact on human being and atmosphere are very abysmal and elongated. The country is directly and indirectly affected by the antagonistic impacts of change in climate. Bangladesh is not resistant to the harsh impacts of climate change. It is at the high risk of natural calamities to coastal landscapes, geographical location, the solidity of population, poverty, illiteracy, fluctuation in the season patterns, poor structures and so on. The socio-economic circumstance of Bangladesh is also very susceptible than other countries (Rahman, 2016). However, Bangladesh is an emerging country with a total area of 1, 47,570 squares km. The country is highly hampered with a vast population and 80% of the country is grasslands. According to GCRI, 2017, Bangladesh is the 6^th disaster-prone country (The Asian Age, 2017). The report also highlighted some other factors like 0.48 individuals die from the adversarial effects of climate change. The country faced 185 incidents related to climate change. As a result, Bangladesh faced losses of per unit GDP by 0.732 %. These effects imposed serious problem in the country.  The impacts of climate change are previously observed in the country such as summers are becoming hotter, irregular monsoon, premature rainfall, heavy rainfall instigating waterlogging, slight rainfall in the dry period, increased river flow and crop failure due to drought. The climate change has resulted in insecurities for water, food, life, property, livelihood, and others. The rough sea has also limited fishing opportunities within the country. The change in atmosphere has also devastated agriculture which is a key economic driver in Bangladesh (Huq, Hugé, Boon & Gain, 2015.).

Conclusion

Weather is the usual state of day’s pressure, heat, flow, rainfall, and dampness of wind. Climate is considered as the average state of weather for 30 to 40 years. Therefore, climate includes all the factors of weather such as day’s pressure, heat, flow, rainfall and others. In the current era, the condition of climate is not like the initial age of creation of earth what it existed. This is the fact that it has been observed that climate is changing from past few years. The climate is not changed instant; it takes about 30-40 years. The indicators of climate change reflect the change in climate. For instance, if the indicators like greenhouse gas emission, flood, drought, heat, temperature, heat, and level of oceans, glaciers, ice melting and snowfall have changed in the last 30 to 40 years. Thus, it can be considered that climate has been changed. Various survey and reports have discovered that the state of these indicators has changed a lot over past 40 years (The Asian Age, 2017). According to a report of IPCC, air temperature of Antarctica has amplified by 3 degree Celsius that is 5 times the rate of global warming. On the other side, NASA stated that temperature of earth surface has augmented by 1.1 degree Celsius since the 19^th century. More reports revealed that glaciers are retreating almost everywhere and it is an alarming situation for Bangladesh. The climate is changing due to numerous factors and these changes can be categorized into 2 types. Firstly, natural causes, these cases are produced by the effects of nature comprising biotic processes and deviation in solar radiation received by earth plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions. Secondly, manmade causes- human beings are responsible for these causes (Thornton, Ericksen, Herrero & Challinor, 2014).

The humans are inducing the change in climate by burning fuels like, diesel, petrol, coal, kerosene, and gases, mounting poultry and livestock and wounding down trees in large number and forests which can result in the greenhouse effect. The above causes are resulting in growing global temperature day by day (Takasu, 2012). On the other side, poisonous gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, methane, ammonia etc. are discharging in surroundings and poisoning environment. These gases are deceiving heat of the sun and preventing it from leaking back into space. As, a result the ozone layer is depleting and the atmosphere is getting unprovoked and initiating deadly diseases like skin diseases, cancer and so on. The human beings typically produce the carbon dioxide which is greenhouse gas and is 64% liable for global warming. On the other side, methane is accountable for 17% of manmade global warming whereas nitrous oxide for 6% (The Asian Age, 2017).

Other than increasing poultry and livestock, farming yields a huge amount of methane gases from the waste. The excess use of fertilizers in agriculture sector yields nitrous oxide emissions. On the other side, fluorinated gases release very strong heating effects which are up to 2400 times more than the carbon dioxide.  Due to the contrary impacts of climate change Bangladesh is suffering in several ways. The natural calamities like flood, famine, cyclone, drought, river erosion have been increased over time and obstructing the human life and the overall economy (Mainuddin, Kirby, Chowdhury & Shah-Newaz, 2015).

The natural hazards have already battered the country such as river erosion, tropical cyclones and landslides which are considered the results of climate change. The rising sea level is gradually going to drown Bangladesh’s coast and river erosion is going to destroy land and homes. One of the penetrating bearings of climate change is that it will force movement of people throughout Bangladesh. As a result, people can be forced to lose their land, homes, property, and livelihoods due to the effect of climate change (Ayers, Huq, Faisal & Hussain, 2014). The urban poor is directly at the danger of natural disasters which are being enhanced by the impact of climate change.  It is assessed that rising sea level alone can displace 18 million people of Bangladesh in the upcoming 40 years. The climate change refugees are expected to rise dramatically in coming years. People have already started moving from the low lying villages and slum habitats near the Bay of Bengal.

The policy choices for meeting the challenges of climate change are mainly divided into national and international policy.

There is no inclusive national policy in the country which precisely targets the risks of climate change. The government of the country is known to prominence of climate change as well as historical warmth to climate variability. There are various policy response options which exist in relation to climate change (Klinsky, et. al. 2017). It includes, indirectly guiding the impact of climate change through programmes which are given below:

Vulnerability reduction

The on-going projects in Bangladesh address food insecurity and food production shortages through crop modification and creation of other employment opportunities. These programmes intended at the community, agriculture development, credit facilities and infrastructure improvement (Whitehead, et. al. 2015). The productions of fish and shrimp for the domestic consumption and exports are endorsed along with an exceptional focus on rural poverty alleviation and employment generation. All these developmental programmes have a vital role in enhancing the resilience of poor.

The country has a programme named Participatory Disaster Management Programme (PDMP) with an emphasis on disaster prevention and management and adaption to climate change. The focus is given to soft procedures to diminish the impacts of disasters along with a stress on preparedness such as raising awareness towards practical ways to reduce disaster risks and losses (Moniruzzaman, 2015). To support national capacity for disaster management, to develop knowledge and skills of persons in handling disasters, promotion of local level risk reduction measures, improvement of early warning system are some other measurements to reduce the impact of disasters.

Bangladesh also formed an inclusive disaster management programme with UNDP aiming to refocus the government towards a focus on catastrophe awareness and risk reduction. CDMP has various disaster management constituents to establish an integrated approach to climate change and disaster management. It also expands a wide range of hazards, especially with reference to climate change. It focuses on the three areas which are given below:

• Reinforcing prevailing knowledge and information availability on impacts, forecast, and
• Taking measures for the Bureau of environment and unit of the environment to direct and conventional climate change into existing activities.
• Raising awareness, encouragement, and harmonization to promote climate change adaption into progress activities.

The government of Bangladesh is incorporating climate change into sectoral plans and national policies. For instance, recommendations of World Bank on the climate change impacts have been integrated into seaside zone management programmes. The research programmes have conducted in the agriculture sector for the climate change information. The country’s interim poverty alleviation strategy paper identifies the relationship between poverty and susceptibility to natural hazards (Tanner, et. al. 2015). There are more chances of increase in disaster than decrease due to global warming. The strategy paper has been condemned for not stating climate change in the framework of planning vulnerable procedures.

Other national policies linked to climate change comprise national war policy declared in 1999. It was the initial inclusive look at short, medium and long-term outlooks for water resources in Bangladesh. It is monitored by the national water management plan (NWMP) and viewed at the enactment and investment reactions to address the main concern recognized in NWP. The climate change is not explicated but recognized by NWMP as factors determining future water supply which guides the application of NWP. Further priorities of NWP are an adaption to climate change.

Climate change policies, planning, and institutions

The country is a participant in the UN framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC). The government engaged a contract with UNFCCC in 1992. The ministry of environment and forest is liable for managing the procedure of UNFCCC process in Bangladesh. The national climate change committee was constituted in 1994 and comprises members of all relevant government and non-government organizations. The purpose of the committee is to guide and direct the execution of obligations under UNFCCC process. The government institutions also work for the climate change including the inter-ministerial committee on climate change. It is supervised by the minister for environment and forests (Rahman & Giessen, 2017).

This section deliberates the role of UN framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) and selected donor initiatives to support climate change impacts responses in Bangladesh.

The UNFCCC

The UNFCCC is an international contract that came of United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in 1992. The UNFCCC addresses the efforts that can be done to lessen effects of global warming and to cooperate with whatever factors leads towards temperature increase.  The framework supports adoption of impacts of climate change (Rahman & Lateh, 2017). The funding stream of UNFCCC for adoption has been disapproved for being financially and technically insufficient to meet the needs of Bangladesh. Some other relevant policies of UNFCCC include the susceptibility and adaption which assists countries to develop an understanding of impacts, susceptibility and adaption measures to respond to climate change.

Climate change activities in selected donor strategies

The country received over 1 billion USD $ of aid annually for the development. The investigation of the donor portfolios is supported out by OECD in Bangladesh. The report revealed in 2005 that between 22 and 53% of development aid and 22 to 37 % of aided funded projects are possibly affected by climate risks. The report of World Bank raised the issue of climate change as a result of conducting a long-term perspective study for Bangladesh. The study particularly revealed the economic impacts of sea level rise (Ayers, et. al. 2014).

The OECD states that donor country strategies and project documents normally lack clear consideration to climate change. However the increasing attention towards climate changes leading donors to increase their attention on climate change in Bangladesh. For instance, DFID now provides direct support and aid to programmes which reduces susceptibility to climate variability and climate change (Rahman Talukder, Rutherford & Chu, 2015). As per the above assessment, DFID Bangladesh is taking a range of options for the concrete adaption measures:

• Non-structural procedures are taken such as incorporating climate change and disaster management consciousness into the educational programmes.
• Improving infrastructure by administering road building standards with the help of strict observing and assessment to upsurge the resilience of roads during flooding.
• Advanced research and data collection on the impacts of climate-related

Conclusion

Bangladesh is a developing country and trying to take more preventing measures to face climate changes because it is a security threat and has major impacts on humans. There are various problems which are stemming from climate change in Bangladesh. Thus, there is need to take more initiatives to protect Bangladesh from the adverse impacts of climate changes such as green the community, be energy proficient, empower renewable power, reducing wastage, fly less and fly less. The other measures that can be taken to condense the negative impact of climate change such as deeply mining canals and rivers, by dropping the use of fuel and planting trees. Apart from this, the citizens of a country should be responsible while making the use of natural resources and terrible concern. The government should also be attentive to take corrective and effective policies to fight with a challenge of climate change. Many more techniques can be adopted by Bangladesh; these can be outsourced or developed in the country itself. Furthermore, research is required to conclude present and future effects of climate change on the country. The NGOs which are particularly linked with the community should strive to do climate change susceptibility assessments and action plans for the respective working areas. NGOs should contribute to sponsor the climate change improvement programs with various layers of Bangladesh government and internationally with the support of partners and donors.

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