Digitalization in Construction

Technologies are used in the both such as manufacturing and construction that has changed the entire industrial sectors (Amaratunga, Haigh, Malalgoda & Keraminiyage, 2016). The planning of construction is a complex activity for the management of construction projects because it includes the selection of advanced technologies, assessment of required resources, estimation of completion time etc. (Yang, 2018). In this context, construction is the process of handling and assembling of material as well as tools in a complete operational facility of the project. Information technology has a contribution to the transformation of industrial society into an information society because technology is affecting businesses at a large extent. In this regard, digitalization in each sector is changing the face of the competition in the world. (Sommer, 2015; Hongyan, Dayi, Yun, Jianlin & Shuai, 2011). In this context, digitalization has entered into construction industry to reduce the risk and protection of the workers at the site.

Digitalization in construction has been changed the industry dynamics because it develops the opportunities and challenges for the project management in context of power positions, shifting of roles and responsibilities etc. The involvement of digitalization in construction is strengthening the relevant industry because it is contributing to quality measurement by improving the efficiency of the equipment and processes. Moreover, few of the studies reveals that there is a positive relationship between digitalization and quality aspects of construction. Additionally, the work is performed on the basis of quality standards that are associated with Total Quality Management (TQM) tool (Ablikim et al., 2010; Karyotakis & Moustakis, 2014). Furthermore, the involvement of digitalization in construction helps to minimize the time, cost; however, the cost for small sized construction companies is maximized by using digital tools because it enhances the overall cost of the construction project by involving the heavy equipment in small construction projects (Hong, Xue & Thottethodi, 2011).

Digitalization required in the construction of the bridge and large buildings because they require innovations in the designs (Ibem & Laryea, 2014). The risk for the human beings reduces due to use of the digital tools in large construction because it involves the 3D modeling and digital engineering for the infrastructure of the buildings. Further, digitalization is helpful for the construction projects because it relates to implementation of quality measurements in construction. Moreover, the quality improves by involving the efficient material handling that is helpful to avail the material on time at the location of the site (Harris & McCaffer, 2013). However, it is not easy for companies to implement digitalization in construction because it increases the number of issues and challenges related to the operation of the tools, lack of digital education, low budget etc. Moreover, it also deals with a major problem related to the legacy system in the implementation of digitalization (Maciel, 2011). To implement the digital tools, the company has to follow the legal rules and have to take the authentic right to use the digital tool for the construction of buildings.

Importance of Quality Management in Construction Projects

Workers resist to accept the change in the construction of involvement of digitalization because it generates a fear in the workers that a replacement of workers can take place after implementing digital tools. However, the fear can be reduced by effective interaction with workers.  and providing required training to existing workforce to operate the digital tools in the construction. It might be possible that employees easily accept the digitalization as well as morale of the workers can be boosted. Therefore, it shows that digitalization in construction has a major impact on quality delivery and improvement in the consumption of excess of time. However, it requires authentic permission as per the legal rules to implement the digitalization in the construction company.

The aim and objectives of the study are as follows-

Aim

To critically analyze the impact of digitalization on quality management aspects in construction projects

The objectives of the study will be as follows-

• To understand the importance of quality management in construction projects
• To evaluate different digital tools for quality management in construction projects
• To analyze different issues in implementing digitalization
• To recommend strategies to deal with the issues of digitalization in construction projects

The quality of construction is affected by the involvement of advanced technologies from inception to completion of the project. Quality measurements in the construction are based on the innovative tools and aspects to maintain the standard of the quality (Becerik-Gerber, Jazizadeh & Calis, 2011). Here, the study will be conducted to assess the impact of digitalization on quality management aspects in construction projects. By conducting the current study, it will be easy for the project managers to learn about the process of digitalization. Further, the knowledge regarding use of different types of digital tool will also be developed in project manager. Moreover, it would be helpful for the construction companies to assess the importance of quality aspects by incorporating the digital tools in construction. On the other hand, the current study will also provide the outcomes regarding of use and implications of digital tools. Additionally, it will also generate the competitiveness for the construction companies in the market.

Quality assurance process is required to measure the quality plan and to control the quality standards. Here, the importance of quality management in construction are explained as follows-

• Quality management and construction projects- According to several studies, the construction projects always based the time, cost, delivery of quality and focuses on maintaining a balance between cost and quality elements which are required for the success of the projects (Mallawaarachchi & Senaratne, 2015, p.11; Rumane, 2016; Meng, 2012; Chen & Luo, 2014). On the other hand, Doloi (2012) stated that effective quality management programs are helpful to reduce the overall cost of the projects and leads to problem free running of the construction projects. Apart from this, Kelly, Male & Graham (2014) argued that involvement of quality management in the construction maximizes the overall cost of the projects because it requires to implement the electrical tools to manage the quality. Thus, it shows that there is a relationship between quality management and construction projects and are interlinked through time management, cost control and delivery of quality projects in the society.

Kerzner (2004) stated that quality management is important for the construction projects which is directly associated with the life cycle of the projects. If the project manager uses the quality assurance techniques in the construction then it affects the overall quality outcome of the construction projects. On a contrary, Hannure & Kulkarni (2014) asserted that fake construction projects take place if the quality aspects are not involved as per the required standards. Additionally, the occurrence of errors in the construction arises frequently which leads to cost for the contractors as well as owners of the projects. Nonetheless, Harrington, Voehl & Wiggin (2012) mentioned that quality concepts require to implement new designs, structures which demanded the involvement of skilled workers in the project teams. However, Olawale & Sun (2010) examined that quality management in the construction industry can be achieved by fulfilling the requirements of the designers, government agencies, contractors, owners etc. Therefore, it indicates that quality management can be achieved by quality assurance tools and employing the skilled workers in the project teams.  However, the level of quality standards can be reduced by delaying in fulfilling the expectations of the parties of construction projects.

• Quality management and competitive advantage- Several studies reveal that there is a link between quality management and competitive advantages because by keeping the quality records in the construction helps to achieve competitive advantage (Chileshe & Watson, 2001; Chileshe & Watson, 2003; McWilliams & Siegel, 2011). Further, Hannure & Kulkarni (2014) Stated that quality management takes place through effective material management in the construction projects because effective management of materials enhances the chances to reduce the cost of material handling. Moreover, also accelerate overall opportunities to maintain the inventories of material and deliver the required material on time for the completion of projects. On a contrary, Pfaff (2012) argued that automation plays a key role in the maintenance of quality in construction projects; however, contractors are not able to prefer the heavy tools in the small construction projects to maintain the excellent quality because it requires the higher cost to transport and use the tools at the site. Further, Harris & McCaffer (2013) asserted that Total Quality Management (TQM) is supportive to offer the competitive advantage in all fields because businesses of contractors have been explored through the involvement of quality standards for success of projects. It reflects that quality management has a contribution in the achievement of competitive advantage because in current construction sites people accept the quality products which improve the life of the constructed site. Further, effective material management also helps to improve the quality of construction due to timely availability of material. In this manner, it enhances the chances to grab the competitive advantages of the construction industry.

Research Aim and Objectives

Several digital tools used in the construction projects, out of them there are two digital tools such as Building Information Modeling, System Application and Product has been described in following manner-

• Building Information Modeling (BIM) – Bryde, Broquetas & Volm (2013) Stated that BIM system is used by contractors especially in highway and bridge construction projects to improve the quality of the construction. It is a platform of the transformation of integrated information among the parties to facilitates the quality of construction projects. Similarly, Azhar (2011) asserted that BIM is based on the computer-generated dimensions which are used for the maintaining of quality by applying to the design, operational issues, construction site etc. On the other hand, Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2017) examined that BIM is an object-oriented model which is helpful to extract the required information from various users and analyze the information. Additionally, analyzed information used for the effective decision-making which has a contribution in improvement and quality delivery of the construction buildings. However, Lee, Salama & Wang (2014) argued that BIM requires the legal ownership to access as well as protect the data from copyright. Besides this, Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks & Liston (2011) mentioned that with the help of BIM, the construction quality improved and outputs derived in a flexible manner to implement the automation. It indicates that BIM is an effective digital tool which is helpful for the construction projects because information can be shared on an integrated basis in the entire team. Moreover, effective decisions take place through integrated information which enhances the quality of construction.
• System Application and Product (SAP)- Material management has a contribution in the improvement of overall quality of construction projects because it is associated with organization’s material flow, planning, controlling on access of material etc. (Tianshou, Yuying, Zhibo, Yinchun, Jiamao & Wenting, 2011). In this context, Reddy & Rao (2017) asserted that SAP is a computer embedded software which is used to maintain the inventories of material, maximize the procurement, minimize the operating cost of the projects etc. Moreover, it helps to deliver the quality of material on time at construction site through implementing an integrated system of material management and collaborating the activities. On the other hand, Cosma, Iannello, Gianluca, Sirio & Christian (2018) mentioned that SAP is an effective software which is used to get all the detail information of material by only on a single click and accordingly, the material uses for the further process of construction. Besides this, stated that by maintaining the records through SAP, waste materials minimize as well as errors of manual records can be reduced for material management in construction. However, Kesari, Chang & Seddon (2003) argued that technically skilled employees required to operate the SAP software in the construction projects which increases overall cost for the projects. On a contrary, Patare, Minde & Pawar (2016) asserted that implementation of SAP software requires the higher cost to implement which is not affordable for the small-scale construction companies. Hence, it reveals that construction companies prefer the SAP for the effective handling of material which delivers the quality projects to the societies. The particular software is helpful to reduce the manual errors in material handling; however, it demanded the huge cost to implement the software in the construction projects.

The implementation of digitalization is not an easy task because the companies deal with different issues involving legacy system, resistance to change and low budget, lack of digital education etc. All these issues and challenges are as follows-

• Legacy system- According to Khurana, Hadley, Lu & Frincke (2010), digitalization is one of the important aspects for the construction companies because it records all the required information in a digital format. In this context, Dillon, Wu, & Chang (2010) stated that implementation of digitalization is not an easy task for the companies because it demanded fulfillment of a legal system to operate the software at working site. Furthermore, Laguna & Crespo (2013) asserted that digitalization in the industry requires the free flow of information in the electronic tools which can be stolen by other in absence of security. Here, free flow of information is a challenge for the construction companies at the time of digitalization. The companies demanded liability to access the relevant data. Similarly, Curry, O’Donnell, Corry, Hasan, Keane & O’Riain (2013) explained that liability issues related to defects in software and smart product which are adopted by companies for the projects. On a contrary, Takabi, Joshi & Ahn (2010) mentioned that implementation of digital tools in the companies deal with the issues related to security of digital data, IP addresses, Information Technology (IT) security, IT infrastructure etc. according to the legal system. Therefore, it indicates that fulfillment of legal requirement is a challenge in the implementation of digitalization in construction which focuses on the involvement of IT security, infrastructure etc. Additionally, it also emphases on the free flow of information on the site for the convenience of the availability of data which is not appropriate for the secret projects.
• Resistance to change and low budget- Change is good for the development of construction; however, the contractors and construction company’s deal with the issues related to resistance to change because existing workers do not accept the innovations in construction processes (Gupta, 2018). In this regard, Demailly (2014) asserted that workers have an assumption that new employees can be appointed on the place of existing workers due to the involvement of digitalization. However, digitalization has a support to fulfill the demand of the customers with quality and expected time frame. Apart from this, Cooper & Pile (2014) stated that resistance to change arises in the construction industry due to lack of awareness, education, training etc. Moreover, the fear of digitalization reduces the number of loyal workers in the company. Besides this, Loebbecke & Picot (2015) stated that digitalization in construction process significantly improves productivity and reduces the risk related to consumption of excess time through manual activities. However, implementation of digitalization in small construction projects enhances the overall cost of the projects due to the implementation of internet networks and facilitates the wired services. On a contrary, digitalization is helpful in the minimizing the fuel costs, time and maintenance expenses of machinery because everything is based on the digital tools. Thus, it reflects that resistance to change is a major issue in the implementation of digitalization construction companies because it focuses on the involvement of skilled employees related to technology. Moreover, low budget construction companies not be able to implement digitalization because it enhances overall cost for the project.
• Lack of digital education- Few studies revealed that lack of digital education is one of the major issues for the implementation of digitalization because it remains engaged with electronic tools and equipment which demanded educated workers Voogt, Erstad, Dede & Mishra, 2013; Tsai & Chai, 2012). In this context, Bates, Bates & Sangra (2011) stated that the issue related to the lack of digital education minimizes by providing adequate training to the existing workforce so that effective results can be achieved. On a contrary, William (2014) asserted that construction industry basically depends on the labor class because all hard works done by labors instead of professionals. In this regard, training can be provided to labors for the timely completion of the projects and to reduce the waste of materials on site. However, Margaryan, Littlejohn & Vojt (2011) argued that lack of digital knowledge can affect the quality of construction buildings; nonetheless, skilled and professionals of software can be appointed to deal with the challenge of lack of education regarding digitalization. Here, the replacement of existing employees demotivates the workers that the organization merely think about the benefits of the company instead of workers. It shows that a lack of digital knowledge develops the problems for the contractors but the issues can be resolved by providing adequate training and appointing the skilled people in the projects. Hence, the productive results can be achieved by implementing digitalization in the construction process.  

Research methodology is used to understand and application of different methods, designs, approaches, data collection tools etc. in the study. The current study’s research methodology will be as follows in a prescribed manner-

Basically, there are two types of research studies involving qualitative and quantitative. A quantitative study based on the application of statistical tools and test to derive the optimum outcomes of the study. However, the qualitative study provides a huge description regarding social constructs because it is used to derive the vast information about the research problem (Neuman, 2013). In a quantitative study, researcher measure the data by applying ANNOVA, t-test, Chi-square etc. to get the optimum and relevant results of the study whereas in qualitative study researcher is not allowed to use the technical tools and tests because it is based on in-depth analysis of the study (Saunders, 2011). By considering the importance of both studies, the current study will prefer the mixed methods like qualitative and quantitative because it would enable to better understand the socially constructed environment. With the help of mixed methods, the researchers can get the detail information regarding the implementation of digitalization and impact on the quality of construction industries will be easily found by applying the correlation technique. In this manner, an effective relation can be found between digitalization and the impact on quality aspects. Moreover, if the company will use digitalization then the quality will improve and vice versa. Hence, the use of mixed methods for the current study will be justifiable.

Research philosophy is related to beliefs and assumptions that affect the whole process of research to investigate the reality of the research problem (Saunders, 2011). Fundamentally, two types of research philosophies used by the researcher such as interpretivism and positivism on the basis of need of the study. By considering this, the researcher is allowed to use own ideas and experience regarding the research problem in interpretivism philosophy; however, in positivism researcher found the results on the basis of facts and figures which depends on the application of statistical tools (Petty, Thomson & Stew, 2012). At this juncture, the current study will use the interpretivism philosophy to understand the digitalization and its impact on the quality aspects of construction. Here, the use of positivism is not suitable for the current study because researcher will be biased towards the achieved results of facts. On the other hand, with the help of interpretivism philosophy, the researcher will be able to get the effective outcomes regarding the digitalization because people will state the detail information related to benefits, issues, the risk of the digitalization and effects on the quality that it improves or reduces. Thus, the adoption of interpretivism philosophy will be appropriate for the current study.

Rationale of the Study

Predominantly, research designs are a performa which provide the clue regarding the criteria of entire study through which researchers focuses on the achievement of aim (Saunders, 2011). Here, three types of research designs adopted by researchers like exploratory, explanatory, descriptive designs. In this context, descriptive research designs based on social interaction with participants to observe the detail information regarding the research problem (Wildemuth, 2016). Further, explanatory research design creates a cause and effect relationship between the variables of the study; nonetheless, exploratory designs has a support to develops the new aspects and perception regarding the research problem (Akkermans & Vos, 2003; Harrison & Reilly, 2011). Here, the current study will adopt the explanatory research design because the study has two variables such as digitalization and impact on the quality of the construction which shows that quality depends on the implementation of digitalization. Moreover, a positive relationship will be found between digitalization and quality because digitalization improves the quality of products. In this situation, exploratory research design would not be appropriate to use because it requires to apply scientific tools to experiment new insights for the research. Thus, the use of explanatory design will be justifiable for the current study.

Substantially, there are two types of research approaches such as inductive and deductive that are preferred by the researcher as per the objective of the study. In this regard, the inductive approach basically commences with specific information and ends with generalization by in sighting detail information regarding research problem (Saunders, 2011). However, deductive approach begins with general information and comes to specific information by eliminating the unwanted and ineffective elements of the study (Gioia, Corley & Hamilton, 2013). Apart from this, the inductive approach is used in the qualitative study; however, the deductive approach is demanded in the quantitative study because it uses different statistical tools to derive the exact outcomes. By considering the weightage of both approaches, the current study will use a inductive approach because it will provide the specific information regarding the use of digitalization and impact on the quality of construction. In an inductive approach, the researcher will get merely theoretical aspects of the digitalization. This would offer an opportunity to provide the in-depth analysis on the basis of collected outcome. Thus, the selection of inductive approach will be suitable.

There are two types of data collection methods like primary and secondary that are used to collect the information relevant to the study. In this regard, primary data can be collected by survey, interview, observation etc. to collect the fresh and new information whereas secondary data can be collected through literature review, annual reports, printed and online sources etc. (Ridyard & Hughes, 2010). Here, for the current study, primary data will be collected by questionnaire because it takes less time and cost in comparison to another method. Moreover, a list of questions would be prepared in an easy to understand language that would be helpful for  respondents to give the exact answers regarding the research problem. On the other hand, a interview would not be appropriate for the current study because it demand extensive time. Besides this, secondary data will be derived by literature review by referring authentic sources for the study such as online journals, books, newspaper etc.

Understanding the Importance of Quality Management in Construction Projects

Sampling is the procedure of selecting the respondents for providing the evidence to carry out the analysis in the study(Fuller, 2011). There are two types of sampling techniques including probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling. In probabilistic sampling, there remain equal chances for all the elements to get selected whereas in non-probabilistic sampling, there are no equal opportunities for all the elements to get selected from the population (Aven, Baraldi, Flage & Zio, 2013). Here, probabilistic sampling includes simple random, stratified, cluster, systematic etc.; however, convenience, quota, judgmental, purposive sampling used in the non-probabilistic technique. In the current study, simple random sampling will be used by the researcher by involving civil engineers as participants of the study. Moreover, civil engineers will be selected to know about the impact of digitalization on quality of construction because the engineers would be able to dictate clear information regarding the data of before and after implementation of digitalization on sites. Owing to this, 10 civil engineers would be selected on a random basis.  In this manner, a close relationship would be found between the research problem and the expected outcomes of the study. Thus, the use of probabilistic simple random sampling technique would be suitable for the current study for the achievement of the aim of the study.

Data analysis is used to evaluate the collected data that is helpful to get the essence of the study. Data analysis has a major contribution in the attainment of the aim and objectives of the research. Moreover, data analysis can be done by two methods qualitative and quantitative approach which are selected by the researcher according to the nature of the study. In this context, quantitative approach involved the scientific, statistical test and tools to derive the adequate and attractive results of the study (Saunders & Lewis, 2012). On the other hand, qualitative analysis based on the thematic analysis by fulfilling the questionnaire of the relevant study. With the help of the qualitative data analysis, it would be convenient for the researcher to obtain in-depth information from the analysis. At this juncture, the current study will be based on the qualitative analysis along with the involvement of specific themes that would be helpful to effectively analyze the collected data. Furthermore, effective themes would be prepared by considering the objectives of the research and data will be demonstrated on frequency tables. Hence, the use of thematic analysis will be supportive to achieve the research objectives along with attainment of authentic results by incorporating the primary data.

The research deal with the several issues at the time of conduction of study due to less interest of the respondents. Moreover, the participants do not get ready to provide all relevant and actual information regarding the research problem. Further, lack of time is also a major limitation for the study because several activities are completed in the limited time span. Apart from this, many sites do not permit researcher to surf particular site due to unauthentic access. On the other hand, the collection of primary also demands extensive time to collect the fresh data from the respondents. Owing to this, questionnaire method will be used so as to consume the less time in the process of data collection. Also, the issue related to data collection procedure from the end of participants will be resolved by considering their convenience.

Ethics related to differentiating the rules and principles of right and wrong aspects (Ponterotto, 2010).  In this regard, the current study follows the ethical principles and laws. As per the ethical norms, the data will be collected by two sources for the authenticity of the research. Here, primary data of the study will be collected from  conducting questionnaire and the secondary data will be collected by the literature review of the study related to digitalization and impact on the quality outcomes of construction. For the authenticity of the study, relevant sources will be used such as journals, books, professionals’ sites etc. Moreover, it shows that the study will be based on the ethical considerations and nothing will be directly copied from the sources; however, relevant reference list will be attached along with the report. Apart from this, the name and other private information of the respondents will not be displayed in the research and all the records as well as data will be maintained on a secret basis.

Timeframe refers to the period of time that is expected to complete the research plan in a specific range along with the achievement of the purpose of the study (Riley, McKevitt, Shriver & Allen, 2011). In this context, it has been expected that the current research plan would be completed in 6 months (February to July) 2019 to analyze the impact of digitalization in construction (refer table 1).

Table 1: Expected time schedule for the research plan

Activities/Weeks	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24
Setting research objectives
Developing a research proposal
Drafting Introduction
Applying research methodologies
Planning for data collection
Collecting primary and secondary data
Evaluating and analyzing collected data
Drafting conclusions

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