Impact of Corporate Scandals on Ethics in Accounting Education

Accounting education is deemed to be technical in nature and with increased emergence of corporate scandals questions have been raised regarding the types of ethical issues covered within the accounting education (Graham 2012). The professional bodies along with the accounting students those realize the important of learning ethics within accounting profession maintain ethical behavior codes in attaining suitable guidance and support in taking up education on accounting ethics. The ethics maintained within the business serves as a major concern that results in sensational corporate scandals that took place in several nations resulting in high damages to the economy along with community (Hart and Wang 2016). Such scandals question the morality of responsible businessman along with the accountants of the company. Such accounting scandals develop notoriety long with leading to adverse publicity within the accounting profession.

It has also been argued that the accountants served as the vital contributors to the decline within the companies’ ethical standards. In addition, it has also been claimed that the accounting students also indicate lower levels of ethical maturity in comparison to student within other disciplines (Kassim, Nasir and Ahmad 2015). It is also evidenced that the accounting education fosters the accountant’s dehumanization through developing professional accountants those are devoid of any empathy towards others for the reason that “accounting logic” is excluded of emotions. Research also indicated that introducing ethics within the Accounting ethics education can facilitate the accounting graduate students in developing empathy towards others (Leung 2015). “The 2004 Ethics Education Task Force Report for AACSB” indicated that the business schools must encourage the accounting graduate students to attain detailed understanding on the emerging challenges related with corporate responsibility along with governance along with offering them necessary tools for identifying along with responding to the ethical issues both organizationally and personally.

Ethics is deemed to be of increased importance within the accounting profession and such profession also has the right to attain knowledge on accounting ethics course as an admittance condition (Lim et al. 2016). Developing positive attitude regarding ethics subject is deemed to be important for the accounting students in order to develop necessary values while accomplishing their accounting education. As accounting ethics course might facilitate in decreasing severity and frequency of ethical lapses within the profession and facilitate them to grow beyond the simplistic rules associated with wrong and right conduct in accounting profession. It has also been argued that the accountants served as the vital contributors to the decline within the company’s ethical standards (Martinov-Bennie and Mladenovic 2015). In addition, it has also been claimed that the accounting students also indicate lower levels of ethical maturity in comparison to student within other disciplines. It is also evidenced that the accounting education fosters the accountant’s dehumanization through developing professional accountants those are devoid of any empathy towards others for the reason that “accounting logic” is excluded of emotions (Mintz 2016). 

Maintaining Ethical Behavior Codes in Accounting Education

Ethics education within accounting is considered important by the accounting graduate students after they came across the impact of accounting scandals in the failure of companies within their accounting course. The students have come across the case of failed audits and financial misleads of several successful companies such as WorldCom and Enron that raised important questions on importance of ethics education in accounting (O’Connell et al. 2015). The failed organizations are supporting in developing a culture of aggressive amounting and the accounting graduate students are developing attitude towards attaining knowledge in complex creative accounting which deliberately facilitates them in analyzing real financial position and performance (Paguio and Jackling 2016). Such high profile organization collapses have led to attaining increased attention of the accounting graduate students to analyze the important ethical standards those are necessary for the accounting professionals to uphold. The NASBA 2005 has encouraged the accounting graduate students to develop an attitude of attaining professional ethics requirement education in accounting for appearing in the CPA exam.

Research conducted by Paguio and Jackling (2016)have also indicated that even after developing positive attitude of the graduate students towards attaining knowledge on accounting ethics within their accounting curriculum the number of accounting scandals is observed to be on an increasing trend. Such increasing fraudulent scandals have resulted in questioning the auditors and accountants professional responsibilities along ith the likely reasons for economic downturn, bankruptcies along with increase in financial fraud. In a situation where accounting frauds are exposed questions are put up by public on accounting ethics education (Padilla-Díaz 2015). Research have also evidenced that technical competence of the professional accounts are not doubted generally and rather than that the critics claim that a lack of necessary ethical standards along with accountants behavior towards maintaining necessary code of conduct within accounting profession (Parvaiz, Mufti and Wahab 2017). The accounting students are also observed to raise skeptics regarding the importance, necessity along with effectiveness of attaining ethics education within their accounting degree. They also perceive that accounting ethics is a credible academics subject within their accounting course as learning necessary ethics theory can facilitate them in ensuring moral conduct within their future accounting profession.

Considering importance of ethics educating within the accounting course within the accounting course several interventions along with additional study material within the ethics classes, code of conduct along with new courses development has devoted to ethical development course introduction within accounting (Rahman et al. 2016). However, a problem has been recognized regarding the fact whether such courses on accounting ethics is effective enough in developing ethical awareness along with improving moral and ethical behavior of the accounting graduate students. Moreover, ethics education is also focused on making sure that the accounting graduate students are able to reason more ethically after certain intervention within the course dedicated to the accounting ethics education. There is increased relevance and impact of ethics education within accounting because of the increasing trend in the accounting scandals observed within current business environment that has gradually impacted almost all the industries in the world (Rahman et al. 2016).

Fostering Empathy towards Financial Stakeholders

Through observing increasing cases of accounting scandals resulting in collapse of organizations in the current years, it is gathered that maintaining proper accounting ethics standards are deemed important for accounting professionals. Moreover, with increasing ate of frauds in accounting profession it is observed that accounting is a career field in which high morale and ethics is considered as vital characteristic for graduate accounting professional to attain (Shawver and Miller 2017). Developing positive attitude towards ethics education is important for the accounting graduate students for the reason that poor accounting ethics can result in the organizations to lead to bankruptcy from improperly reported financial information. Within accounting profession, ethics indicate the attitude displayed by the individuals in developing company’s financial statements. Ethics education is important in accounting profession for the reason that it deals with more facts, hard data and figures and there are several stakeholders those rely on developing financial information in order to take important financial decisions (Sorensen, Miller and Cabe 2017). For this reason it is important for the accounting graduate students to be unbiased, accurate and competent when they take up accounting profession. Focusing on such research problem, the aim of the research is to focus on analyzing the attitude, need and relevancy regarding whether ethics education is imposing any effect on the accounting profession.

Focusing on the importance of ethics within the financial and accounting matters, a code of professional conduct has been developed that offers specific and general advice to the graduate accounting students those might face unethically uncertain situations (Starman 2013). For the reason that ethics behavior is considered important in accounting profession, the accounting graduates are attaining increased interest towards attaining knowledge on the new code of ethics generated for accountants. The objectives set in this research those are to be attained after successful accomplishment of the study are explained under:

• To analyze the attitudes of the graduate accounting students towards attaining accounting ethics education
• To evaluate whether high ethics and morals are considered as important character traits by the accounting graduate students
• To investigate the education on ethics within accounting curriculum can facilitate accounting graduates face real world ethical dilemmas
• To analyze to that extent the family values, peer influences and religion impacts responses of accounting graduates toward learning ethics 

Ahadiat and Martin (2016) stated that accounting ethics can be explained as attaining necessary power by the accountants or key personals those access the financial information of the companies. Such power also facilitates in developing the potential of abusing such information or manipulation of numbers in improving company perceptions along with enforcing earnings management. Ethics is deemed to be necessary in carrying out an audit and devoid of meeting the requirements of accounting ethics and auditing, an audit must not be carried out. Albu, Calu and Guse (2016) revealed that the accounting ethics education is referred to have certain general principles like integrity, morals and honesty. Such code of professional conduct serves as a specific asset of rules developed by the chartered accountants governing bodies. It has been recognized by the reasechers that ethics learning within the accounting profession believes that training and experience impact capability of people to recognize ethical dilemmas or awareness. It is also gathered that accounting ethics education can increase understanding of students on ethics.

Preventing Corporate Scandals with Accounting Ethics

It is also argued by Ali et al. (2016) that moral reasoning, the process of evaluating ethical considerations along with determining the moral action course can be taught within accounting ethics course. These reasechers also revealed that accounting ethics education can facilitate the accounting graduates in influencing their ethical reasoning. Moreover, such education can also facilitate these individuals in developing their cognitive moral capabilities to an increased level. Supporting the same, it can also be stated that teaching ethics to the accounting students can turn out to be beneficial as this can facilitate positive association among training and auditors capability to reveal ethical dilemmas. Apostolou et al. (2016) indicated that accounting has not yet explained set of goals within the accounting ethics education and a survey was carried out on the business ethics professors and it is determined that the major objective of the business ethics course is focused on improving the thought clarity in explaining the ways in which accounting students explain moral decisions ad judgments. 

According to Arfaoui et al. (2016) it has been gathered that the attitudes of the accounting graduates in training accounting ethics education and in attaining this education the students might be aware of expanding the number of stakeholders along with considering the consequences of the managerial decision making. The graduate accounting students develops a perception that attaining learning on accounting ethics that facilitates in managerial decision making. Calderon (2019) revealed that the accounting students has attained increased awareness regarding ethics and leadership accountabilities as managers like excessing power judiciously and responsibly. These reasechers also stated that aspects of ethics education argue that it has a positive impact on accounting graduate students ethical attitude while few other researchers argue that ethics cannot be taught.

Cameron and O’Leary (2015) explained that ethical behavior reflects both from the situational and individual influence for the reason that professional accountants are persuaded to act ethically through two major socialization aspects, their education along with impact of work place or peer influence. These reasechers also elaborated that class participation within accounting ethics course facilitates the accounting students in developing an appreciation along with understanding of accounting scandals and related ethics standards as interaction among various students’ viewpoints during class discussions widens perspectives. Moreover, Cameron and O’Leary (2015) added that accounting ethics education within class also facilitates in developing an appreciation along with understanding of complex issues taught within the class and for this reason a lot can be learned from a peer group.

Effectiveness of Ethics Courses in Enhancing Graduate Students’ Ethical Standards

From analyzing the existing literature on topic, it has been gathered that previous researches has a gap in explain the reasons for which ethics education is needed for the accounting professionals and students (Christensen, Cote and Latham 2018). Previous researches on effectiveness and impact of ethics education within accounting have revealed mixed results that raised dilemmas among the academicians whether ethics and professional responsibility can be taught. Moreover, they also had a gap in explaining the views of accounting educators, practitioners along with students in including ethics within their curriculum along with its impact on moral reasoning, capability to face ethical dilemmas and reporting behavior (Dellaportas 2015). Focused on such identified gap, the current research is focused on analyzing the impact of ethics education within accounting because of increasing trend of accounting scandals along with analyzing the aptitudes of accounting graduate students towards learning ethics and accounting standards. The research will consider analyzing the graduate accounting students perception towards including ethics education within their accounting course and analyze if they consider the same to be impacting ethical behavior positively. Considering the same, there is an increased need for making sure that ethics education focuses on analyzing ethically best practices within accounting profession (Dorris, 2018). 

The conceptual framework is indicated below that will facilitate in conducting research on the “Attitude of graduate accounting students on accounting ethics education” through explaining the variables those are to be analyzed while carrying out the research.

The conceptual framework indicates that the four variables such as attitudes held by graduate accounting students, high morals and ethics, family values, peer influence along with religion and attaining ability to face real work ethical dilemmas influences learning of ethical accounting course (Elias 2017). Moreover, it is also gathered that attaining education on accounting ethics can be in preferred by the graduate accounting students in two approaches like as stand-alone course or incorporating it within other accounting courses. It has also been observed that discrete accounting course focusing in the dilemma discussion is deemed to have a positive and considerable impact on students’ moral development and reasoning. The conceptual framework is based on the fact that accounting ethics education is focused on helping graduate accounting students in attaining ability of solving ethical dilemmas within accounting profession (Fiolleau and Kaplan 2017). The accounting graduate students must realize their core value along with a prerequisite for ethical decision making. Students are also intended to develop an attitude to realsie that ethics is incorporated within all their business decision making rather than an isolated discipline and such course must widen student’s cultural perspectives for the reason that ethics reflect cultural values (Fischer and Friedman 2015).

Research type that will be used in analyzing the “Attitude of graduate accounting students on accounting ethics education” is exploratory. Selecting a suitable research type is important for a study for the reason that it offers the researcher with an ability to guide the research towards attaining a particular goal related on the research objectives (Steele et al. 2016). Selecting the research type facilitate the researcher in offering the reference through decreasing the targeted results within which the remaining aspect of the overall research is carried out in the predefined objectives. The exploratory research type is selected in this research for the reason that it facilitates the reasechers in explaining the cause-effect relationship through forecasting the likely future outcomes of the accounting ethics education. Exploratory research design is majorly carried out in recognized the reasons behind the issues recognized within the research (Utami, Priantara and Manshur 2017). It can majorly offer the researcher with an opportunity to increase the knowledge and understanding base. This research is also focused on evaluating the attitudes of accounting graduate students and for this reason exploratory research design is useful in depicting the issues in the research and solving them.

Selecting suitable research approach is deemed to be the major step in carrying out research on “Attitude of graduate accounting students on accounting ethics education” in attaining actual along with desired research results. In such context, it is explained that suitable reasechers approach selection will facilitate the reasechers in recognizing each step for carrying out desired activities related with research (Uyar and Gungormus 2013). Inductive research approach is selected for the current exploitation as it best suits the qualitative research type used for this exploration. Moreover, the inductive research approach and facilitate the researcher in developing empirical generalizations along with recognizing preliminary relationships. In addition, it will also facilitate in realizing dynamics, emergence, and robustness along with focus on the individual behavior. The inductive research approach will be used by the researcher in shifting from specific observations to broader generalizations along with detecting the patterns and regularities that finally facilitates in developing certain general conclusions on the attitude of graduate accounting students in attaining education on accounting ethics (West 2018). Qualitative research approach is deemed to be effective in attaining detailed insight regarding attaining detailed perceptions about the importance of accounting ethics education within the accounting course through carrying out an interview process.

Both the primary as well secondary data will be collected by the researcher in carrying out research on “Attitude of graduate accounting students on accounting ethics education”. The researcher will collect secondary data from several credible sources such as government sources, articles, books along with websites of university of accounting (Utami, Priantara and Manshur 2017). Moreover, within the current research the literature review has been developed and it is also related the study outcomes with the research objectives. The primary data will also be gathered from interview through surveying the graduate accounting professionals. In carrying out this research, the researcher will develop a planned questionnaire in the interview process that encompass open and close ended questions. In this context, it can be stated that interview is the best option to attain qualitative data as it facilitates in collecting significant data from a huge population. In this current research, the interview questionnaire will be developed related on the research objects in gathering data on the attitudes of accounting students on accounting profession. The researcher will also conduct interview through personally meeting the students and this interview session will be completed in around seven days (Utami, Priantara and Manshur 2017).

Collecting suitable data is important to certify the research success in which the collection of suitable data is relied on the investigation character along with the target findings to be attained. Interview data collection method will be used in order to analyze the “Attitude of graduate accounting students on accounting ethics education” (Fiolleau and Kaplan 2017). Interview data collection type has been used in this research in order to gather relevant data extensively and intensively. The suitability of the interview in this research is to ensure exchange of relevant ideas and experiences related with information pertaining to broad range of data associated with accounting ethics education among accounting graduate students (Fiolleau and Kaplan 2017). Structured direct interview will be carried out by the researcher in order to attain descriptive information through asking formal questionnaire in asking questions regarding the ways in which family values, peer influences and religion impacts responses of accounting graduates toward learning accounting ethics within the accounting course.

Sampling is a process within which the targeted respondents within the research are selected from a huge respondent’s population (O’Connell et al. 2015). Sampling facilitates researcher in selecting the most important primary data in order to attain important information that is aligned with research aim and objectives. Simple random sampling technique will be employed by the reasechers in conducting survey with the accounting graduate students as it offers equal chances to the respondents to get chosen within the interview or survey (O’Connell et al. 2015). For this reason qualitative data has been collected by the researcher through interview from a large sample by employing simple random sampling. It is also analyzed that 41 graduate accounting students are selected in this reasechers and their perception towards attaining accounting ethics educations. This sample size is selected for the reason that it can facilitate in analyzing responses from a large student base.

The data gathered from the survey will be analyzed with using effective analytical techniques those can facilitate in attaining suitable and pertinent research findings. Data analysis in the research of “Attitude of graduate accounting students on accounting ethics education” will be carried out through employing the interview and thematic analysis technique (Kassim, Nasir and Ahmad 2015). In addition using thematic analysis and interview method will facilitate in maintaining transparency along with interpretation of composed data. In addition, the interview data analysis technique will be used in which representation of the qualitative data will be done through graphs in order to simplify the gathered data interpretation (Kassim, Nasir and Ahmad 2015). Moreover, thematic analysis will also facilitate in attaining detailed exploration of human experience based on phenomological approach. Thematic analysis will facilitate in reanalyzing ding themes associated with particular research objectives in attaining patterned meaning across a dataset.

In carrying out research on “Attitude of graduate accounting students on accounting ethics education” it will be ensured by the research that proper research code of conduct is followed in carrying out tasks within various data collection process. The secondary data will also be gathered from several valid along with authentic sources in making sure that the credibility and accuracy of the research results (Paguio and Jackling 2016). The researcher has also avoided asking any delicate questions to the survey respondents in order to persuade them in taking part within the survey in persuading the participants taking part within the survey with mutual permission. In addition, the identity of the respondents have also been disclosed for certain sanctuary reasons within which no such business use of the statement of reasechers has been entertained from the side of the researcher. The researcher will also maintain ethical code of conduct in ensuring that most authentic and reliable websites were used in gathering data related to accounting students attitudes towards ethics education (Kassim, Nasir and Ahmad 2015).

Conclusion

The objective of the research proposal was to analyze the attitudes of the graduate accounting students towards attaining accounting ethics education. It is also gathered that accounting education is deemed to be technical in nature and with increased emergence of corporate scandals questions have been raised regarding the types of ethical issues covered within the accounting education. Focusing on the importance of ethics within the financial and accounting matters, a code of professional conduct has been developed that offers specific and general advice to the graduate accounting students those might face unethically uncertain situations. For the reason that ethics behavior is considered important in accounting profession, the accounting graduates are attaining increased interest towards attaining knowledge on the new code of ethics generated for accountants. The professional bodies along with the accounting students those realize the important of learning ethics within accounting profession maintain ethical behavior codes in attaining suitable guidance and support in taking up education on accounting ethics. Focused on such identified gap, the current research is focused on analyzing the impact of ethics education within accounting because of increasing trend of accounting scandals along with analyzing the aptitudes of accounting graduate students towards learning ethics and accounting standards.

The research will consider analyzing the graduate accounting students perception towards including ethics education within their accounting course and analyze if they consider the same to be impacting ethical behavior positively.  Research type that will be used in analyzing the “Attitude of graduate accounting students on accounting ethics education” is exploratory. Selecting a suitable research type is important for a study for the reason that it offers the researcher with an ability to guide the research towards attaining a particular goal related on the research objectives. Simple random sampling technique will be employed by the reasechers in conducting survey with the accounting graduate students as it offers equal chances to the respondents to get chosen within the interview or survey. In addition, the identity of the respondents have also been disclosed for certain sanctuary reasons within which no such business use of the statement of reasechers has been entertained from the side of the researcher. In addition, the interview data analysis technique will be used in which representation of the qualitative data will be done through graphs in order to simplify the gathered data interpretation. Moreover, thematic analysis will also facilitate in attaining detailed exploration of human experience based on phenomological approach. 

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