Labor market performance and macroeconomic indicators

Discuss about the Australian Immigration Policy and Impact On Immigrant.

Labor market performance is one of the key indicators of macroeconomic performance of a nation. The state of labor marker is reflected from the trend in unemployment rate. Presence of unemployment is one of the major causes of concern for all nations. Unemployment is evalauted at all the stages of development in an economy. Unemployment comes with the consequence of poverty. Higher the rate of unemployment, more is the problem of poverty and misery. The unemployed people stuck in the vicious circle of poverty. The incidence of unemplyment and poverty hampers the prospect of growth and development of the nation. Persistent unemployment distracts people from their mainstream life (Agénor and Montiel 2015). The problen of unemployment and poverty are prpetuated across generation. Several factors results in unemployment in an economy. Some of these problem can be countered with the use of suitable policy tool while others cannot. If the size of labor force increases at a higher rate than the rate of new jobs created then there exist the problem of unemployment. Sudden shocks in the economy, change in industry structure and skill mismatch are some other factors result in significant unemployment in a nation.

In past few year, Austalia has experienced some changes in its economic structure. Technological inovation has brought changes in production structure. In a globally integrated world, the nation is facing competition with countries enjoying advantages of a low wage. The economic changes comes along with changes in income and consumption pattern. With a  change in skill requirement in line with production technology some workers have beome unemployed due to lack of peoper skills (Kriesler and Nevile 2016). The rising unemployment has become a concern in the path of rapid economic growth. Government in Asustralia however designes different schemes to promote employment opportunities and maintain rate of unemployment as low as possible.

Cyclical, structural and frictional are some of the common form of unemployment. Structural and frictional unemplyment fall under the category of economy’s natural rate of unemployment. The natural rate of unemployment indicates the rate of unemployment that is always in existence in an economy. Cyclical unemployment relates with fluctuation in business cycle. Rate of unemployment varies with stages of business cycle. In times of economic expansion, output expands leading to new job opportunities and hence a lower rate of unemplyment. During recession on the other hand the economy contracts (Kennedy and Prag 2017). This leads to job losses and hence a higher rate of unemployment. In the process of development, different industries undergo some changes. The changes most often come along with changes in skill requirement. Unemployment caused by structural mismatch is termed as structural unemployment. Frictional unemployment is one that exists in the period of transition from one industry to another. If problem of unemployment persists for a long period of time (six months or more) then unemployment is viewed as a long term phenomenon.

Types of unemployment in Australia

In Ausralia unemployment exists for various reasons. Rate of unemployment in 2011 was recorded as 5.75 pecent (Scott 2015). The unemployment in Australia is mostly resulted from structural mismatch and business cycle contraction. Mining sector is one important contributor for Australian economy. As the sector employs a number of people expansion and contraction of the single sector has significant influence for the rate of unemployment. The mining sector has faced a period of contraction in the last few years. The decline in investment in the sector along with gloomy propects of mining projects results in a decline in labor demand. The excess supply of labor leads to unemployment in the economy. This type of unemployment  has beome more relevant for male members of labor force being engaged in the mining sector by a larger proportion. Frictional unemployment is Australia has resulted from transition of workers from one industry to another. Recently, the economy of Australia has come under severe pressure of youth unemployment and long term unemployment (Gregory and Smith 2016). People in Australia are unemployed for a period between 4 and 52 weeks. In the unemployment trend, cyclical fluctuation plays an important role.

In the last five years the unemployment trend in Australa has experienced a dramatic fluctuation. For the yeat 2013, unemployment had accounted a modest decrease by 0.1 percent. In the third quarter of 2013, unemployment stood at 5.6%. Statistics show that number of unemployed people decreased by 14,700 and become 697,100. The labor force participation rate however accounted a slight decline by 0.1 percentage point. With this, the seasonally adjusted labor force particiaption rate became 64.9% (jobs.gov.au 2018). Associated with this the nuber of employed person  increased by 9,100. The total number of unemployed person during this year were 11, 64, 800. The full time employment rose by 5,000 as indicated by the seasonally adjusted index of employment. Along with full time employment the part time employment rises signifcantly. The part time employment accounted an increase by 4,100 (Gregory 2015). As against the increase of full time and part time employment the the average working hours revealed a decline. In 2013 this performane of labor market was quite satisfactory.

The progress in labor market has slowed down in 2014. In the third quarter of 2014, the prevailing rate of unemployment was 6.1% as against 5.6 percent in the previous year. Consequently, the statistics for number of unemployed persons has increased by 11000. The labor force participation rate declined to 64.5% following a 0.2% point decrease in participation (jobs.gov.au 2018). The period was marked by a significant decline in full time employment. The part time employment though increased but failed to ensures a strong labor market performance. Number  of employed persons were recorded as 26700 (Weller 2017). The decline in labor force participation indicates a decline in employment to popualtion proportion.

Unemployment trend in Australia

After a poor performance in 2014, situation in the labor market recovered in 2015-2016. The level of employment in 2016 rose to 11939600 accounting an increase by 1.9 percent. During this year Australia had recorded a massive growth in employment ever since the past ten years. The process began from middle of 2015. In this time the rate of employment inccreased by 1.5 percentage point. The part time job was regarded as a signifucant contributor for the recovery of weak labor market condition (abc.net.au 2018). The part time employment rose by 134400. Towards the end of 2016, total part time employment in Australia was 3740700. With this the aggregate unemployment in the economy went down by 3.1 percent. The improved in labor market condition pulled up the figure for labor force participation rate.

In the fourth quarter of 2017, unemployment rate in the economy picked up to become 5.5 percent. In the preceding month, recorded unemployment was 5.4 percent. Total number of unemployed persons in Australia has increased by 20.5%. More than 501.8 thousands people are looking for a full time job. The search for part of time jobs also increases. There are approximately 228.8 thousand people who are looking for a part time jobs.

The last recorded unemployment rate in Australia is 5.4 percent as of March 2018. The figure has improved as compared to that in pevious month. There are 4,900 new jobs added in the economy. This has contributed to a contration of unemployed persons by 2400. The number of unemployed persons in the economy at present is 730200. In the labor force peole looking for part time jobs droped to 207800 while that for full time jobs increased to 522400 (jobs.gov.au 2018). Average hours of working imcreased by 4.5 million hours recording a 0.26 prcentage increase. The employment to population ratio however declined from 62.0 percent in February to 61.9 percent in March.

The discussion so far made indicates the general trend of unemployment in the Australian labor market. The incidence of unemplyment varies among different groups. Different types of unemployment prevails across geneders, among the immigrants and among young members of the society  (Sutcliffe and Dhakal 2018). Understanding of unemplpoymernt among different groups is needed to  understand the complete scenario of unemployment.

The most serious concern for an economy is youth unemployment. In Australia, the young members of the labor force are unable to find suitable jobs. After the hit of Global Financial Crisis, the labor market was affected significantly. Among them the condition of youth was worst. People aged between 15 amd 24 found it really hard to have a sutitable job. In 2014, the recorded youth unemployment was 14.5 percent (Carvalho 2015). During this year, for youth belonging to age group 15 to 24, the unemployment rate was stood around a rate of 15 percent. This was the time when Australain youth faced a serious problem in finding any jobs. In the total labor force, the proportiom of young member has declined gradually. This indicates a relatively smaller youth participation rate in the labor market. At the beginning of fourth quarter of 2017, youth unemployment rate declined by 0.1 percentage point to rach 12.30% from 12.40% in the preceeding month. The average youth unemployment is much higher as compared to overall unempoyment in the nation. From 1978 to 2018, the average unemployment in Australia is 6.88 percent. As against this the youth unemployment averaged as high as 13.46% ((jobs.gov.au 2018).

Government policies to promote job opportunities

The youth unempoyment varies across different states. In this respect, Tasmanina has the worst experience. Youth unemployment in North and West Tasmania together accounted as 21 percent. For South Tasmanina the figure is just 1 percent less with youth unemployment being 20 percent. The state Queensland is experiencing youth unemployment rate of 15 percent. In the city Cairns, youth uneployment rate was accounted as 20.5 percent (theguardian.com 2018). Other areas of Queensland facing serious problem of unemployment include Ipswich, Logan, the Wide Bay and Moreton Bay region. After experiencing its worst phase the youth unemployment has shown some sign of recovery in recents years (Morris and Wilson 2014). In 2016, the youth unemployment rate declined to 12.0 percent from 14.5 percent in 2014. In between November and December 2017, the youth unemployment rate has stayed around 12.30-12.40 percent.

The incidence of unemployment has shown significant variation across genders. The payment received by male and female members of the labor force varied widely. The rate of dicrimination in regards to payment is as high as 23 percent. Females are at a relatively disadvantageous position in terms of getting stable job opportunity, a healthy environment of working and sufficient working hours. There are more than 9.4 percent people who are facing the problem of insufficient work hours. The same for male counterpart of the labor force is 5.7 percent. In Australia, the nunber for unemployed females is 400000 (Argy and Nevile 2016). Those unable to find jobs in the full time job market are forced to get engaged in part time and imformal jobs.  Most of the females members are engaged in part time jobs. The figure for part time employment among females is 71.6 percent. Some female participants though have a higher qualification than males but still are not getting sufficient job oppportunities. The disparity between male and female participant of the labor market results in underutilization of the strength of labor market. Once the capacity of labor market is utilized fully, the economy will get a brighter prospect of growth. The participation rate among females in the age group 20-74 was 65.1 percent in 2014-15. The same for male participants was 78.3 percent. Among the working female labor force more than 43.8%  are involved in different part time jobs (Healy 2016.) The correponding percentage of part time employment among males is 14.6%.

Another factor contributing to overall unemployment in Australia the flow of immigrants population. The immigrants when added to domestic labor market aggravates the problem of unemployment. The immigrant from Middle Eastern nations is a cause of rising unemployment in Australia. Immigrants job loss rate is 33 perent (Buys, Matthews and Randall 2015). Immigrants from European and Asian economies are at a comparatively better position than those coming from countries belonging to Middle East and North Africa. The average unemployment rate among immigrants is much higher than national average.

Youth unemployment in Australia

The wide spread unemployment in different dimension of the economy makes attainment of full or close to full employment as one of the primary goals of Australian government. A number of schemes have been designed by government to address the current problem of unemployment. Some of these schemes include National Employment Strategy, Indigenous employment policy, different education and skill development policies and others. Structural mismatch between required skills and skills of the existng labor force is one factor contributing to long term unemployment in the nation (Weller 2015). The traditional education and training program fails to offer necessary skills to the existing members of labor force. This is the reason why despite of considerable job growth unemployment remain a persistent problem. The employers thus need to rely on skilled imported workforce. To increase domestic employment focus has been given on improving the employment service system. In this regard, free market policy is undertaken to provide a better opportunity for those searching for jobs. The lower payment often discourages people to search for jobs. Therefore, reforms have also been initiated to reframe the payment structure. Skill development programs have been undertaken to address the problem of strutural unemployment. In these programs arrangements have been made to offer required skills in line with industry requirement. As a part of skill development program, university deregualation has been done. Focus has been also given to reformulate the structure of vocational training program (Ingard 2016). Under the Indegeneous Employment Policy changes have been undertaken in some areas of labor market with a better assistance to voluntary mobility, training for improving language and literacy skills, supporting medium and small sized business enterprise and a proper training and mentoring to make the workers ready for parmanent employment.

Conclusion

The essay briefly summarizes the state of unemployment in Australia in the last five years. Among various types of unemployment structural and cyclical unemployment is mostly prevalent in Australia. The rate of unemployment varied widely in the last five years. Starting from 2013, the perforamnce of labor market was quite good. After deterioration in labor market condition, the situation gradually improved from the middle of 2015 and last accounted unemployment at the end of first quarter of 2018 is 5.4 percent. Apart from overall unemployment, insights have also been drawn from unemployment across different groups of the labor force. Until now, a significant discrimiantion is found to exit between male and female participants in the labor market. Being deprived from full time job opportunity, they are mostly engage in part time jobs. The youth unemployment is one of the several problem that the labor market is currently facing. Tasmania, Queensaland and South Australia are some of the states where youth unemployment is considerably high. The immigrants population in Australia further worsen the condition of labor market. Australian government in order to accomplish the target full employment has introduced a number of diferet schemes. These policies are expected to stabilize the labor market in the upcoming years.

Regional variation of youth unemployment

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