Research Question

Discuss about the Sustainable Development for Our Common Future.

Sustainable development refers to the principles for meeting the human development goals being organized and at the very same time the sustenance of natural systems’ ability of providing the ecosystem services and natural resources, are also organized, as the society and economy are dependent upon them[1]. The main theme or the results desired from such actions is to bring the society in such a state where the living conditions and the resources are used continuously for meeting the human needs, without the stability or integrity of the natural system being undermined[2]. It can be deemed as the development for meeting the needs of present time in such a manner that the ability of the future generations to make use of the limited resources are not compromised or undermined[3].

The development which satisfies the present needs while safeguarding the future generation needs helps in guaranteeing that there is a balanced economic growth, social wellbeing and care for the environment. Through the Brundtland Report in 1987, the concept of sustainable development was born[4]. This was a warning towards the negative environmental result owing to globalization and economic growth, where the attempts were made at establishing the possible answers to the issues which were raised owing to population growth and industrialization[5]. There are different organizations working at international level to achieve the theme of sustainable development and the prominent ones in it include the International Organization for Sustainable Development[6] and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development[7].

This discussion is focused on highlighting the present day steps taken by the different international organizations towards sustainable development. In doing so, the interplay of sustainable development would be highlighted, so as to highlight the different steps at international level taken in context of climate change to ensure that the objectives of sustainable development are met. The role of organizations, particularly the multinationals towards betterment or deterioration of climate would also be discussed in the following parts. This would help in gaining insights on the different steps being taken to achieve the goal of sustainable development, and the success of the different measures adopted by the international organizations.

Are there enough measures adopted by international organizations towards sustainable development? Are these measures successful, or are these being avoided by the organizations? 

Sustainable development can be classified in three separate segments, i.e. environmental sustainability, social sustainability, and economic sustainability. Sustainability, when it comes to the environmental level, helps in prevention of nature being used as inexhaustible source of resource and also helps in making certain that it is protected and is rationally used. The social level covers sustainability fostering development of cultures, people and communities in attaining fairly distributed and reasonable quality of education, life and healthcare worldwide. In terms of economic growth sustainability is focused on equal growth where wealth is generated for all and the environment is not harmed in doing so. Through the promotion of sustainable development, majority of challenges faced by mankind in terms on inequality and hunger, water scarcity, and climate change can be resolved globally[8].

Sustainable Development and climate change

There is a dual relationship present between climate change and sustainable development. Climate change, on the one hand, has the power of influencing the main human living and natural conditions therefore forming the basis for economic and social development; and on the other hand, the priorities of the society on sustainable development has influence over the greenhouse gas emissions which are resulting in vulnerability and change in climate[9]. The clime policies are more effective when these are properly and consistently embedded in the broad strategies which are designed to make the regional and national paths of development even more sustainable[10]. The reason for such happening is owing to the impact of variability and change of climate, the climate policy responses, along with the associated socio economic development having impact over the capacity of nations in attaining the goals of sustainable development. As against this, the pursuit of these objects in turn has an impact over the opportunities of climate policies, along with impacting the success of such policies[11].

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has identified that climate change covers three dimensions of sustainable development and included in these are the social, economic and environmental dimensions. The manners in which these challenges are addressed determine the manner in which the lives of our children would be affected as a long term perspective. Further, these challenges also demand a dialogue with all of the involved shareholders so that a viable solution(s) can be attained. OECD has identified that climate change is becoming a political agenda and that the awareness and knowledge regarding it is creating an alarming trend. These have also been enhanced through different assessments released. The OECD has identified that if the business continues as is going at the present rate, the greenhouse gases will only increase and this will be over 50% by 2050, as a result of which the temp of world would be up by 1.7 degree Celsius to 2.4 degree Celsius in the 2050 pre-industrial levels. In the very long term, this will be 4-6 degree Celsius. This would result in a higher number of instances like droughts, floods, storms, heatwaves, and threat to millions of lives, and majorly damaged crops and key infrastructure[12].

OECD has emphasized on work required to be done in this context, where it has clearly stated that having all this information is not enough. There is a need to act immediately on these issues as not doing anything is not an option. Further, attaining the ambitious climate stabilisation objectives is possible if immediate steps are taken in this direction. This requires investments to be increased by both private and public sector in attaining technological breakthroughs which would help in producing faster and cheaper solutions. Lastly, these solutions towards climate change are possible only when participation is attained from the emitting sectors and nations. A key obstacle in this being attained is the market based approach adopted by nations towards the emissions trading systems and carbon taxes, where the fear is of industrial competitiveness being impacted. However, the impact on competitiveness is very small and the real challenge of getting a globally harmonized policy for levelling the playfield. As a result of these concerns, the nations are focused on subsidizing good solutions instead of putting down bad behaviour. In this context, the industries can increase competitiveness by reducing environmental benefits of policy. One also needs to bring innovation into play, to truly attain the goal of different measures adopted by intentional organizations like OECD[13].

Role of International Organizations

The latest steps taken by OECD towards sustainable development are the Sustainable Development Goals. These are ambitious and broad goals for all the nations towards making tangible improvements in the lives of citizens of such nations. These SGDs are focused on economic, social and environmental aspects. The United Nations measure of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is supported by OECD. This includes brining in knowledge, tools and experience towards measures and systems for performance being measured, and for creating a strong track record of policy work in developing and developed nations. The different steps taken in this context includes improvement in policy coherence, promotion of investments in sustainable development, supporting the wellbeing and inclusive growth, promoting partnerships, ensuring the sustainability of plant, strengthening capacity and availability of data, and facilitation of follow up and review[14].  In this context, OECD is also promoting green growth as a mode of fostering economic development and growth. The focus is also on making certain that the natural assets continue in providing the environmental services and resources as the wellbeing of people depends upon it[15]. The lack of climate change featuring prominently in economic or environmental policy agendas of developing nations is also cited as a problem by OECD[16].

An internationally dedicated non-governmental organization, which is dedicated towards the promotion of understanding regarding the concept of sustainable development in all of its realities and needs of developing nations, is the International Organization for Sustainable Development. It is the original organization working towards goals of sustainable development and was established back in 2004. This has since been transformed into intergovernmental institute under the United Nations Treaty Series 46009/49007 in 2008[17].

IOSD has also identified that there is a dual relationship in between climate change and sustainable development as has already been covered earlier. As per IOSD, the climate change has an impact over the development projects, which are often deemed as being the interagency project on climate change and poverty. This is due to the fact that with climate change, poverty is compounded. The negative impact of climate change is most striking in case of the developing nations. The reason for this stems from the dependence of developing nations on the natural resource, coupled with the limited capacity of such nations in adapting to the changes in climate. In these nations, the poorest ones, who hold the least amount or number or resources, along with having the least capacity of adapting become the most vulnerable ones. The recognition of the dual relationship between climate change and sustainable development highlights the need for exploring such policies which address the climate change and sustainable development in a joint manner. The potential of sustainable development based climate change policies are explored through a number of international study programmes, which includes the OECD development and environment directorate programme and the Development and Climate project. There are also other activities which include projects by the PEW Centre and the World Resources Institute. Apart from this, the work of different authors also presents the measures which can successful address the climate change and sustainable development issues in a joint manner[18].

OECD

As highlighted by IOSD, climate change is the most important challenge in sustainable development and it poses a huge threat of dragging millions in grinding poverty. Though, one cannot deny that this is the best age where we know a lot of things and there is availability of solutions which can avert the posed crisis, along with creating opportunities for a better life being created for people across the globe. Climate change is happening today, and is not a long term issue. It does however cover uncertainties for the policy makers, in making attempts towards shaping of the future. This challenge is faced by policy makers across the globe. Even though it is known that climate would be changing, there continues to be uncertainties around regional and local impacts, along with uncertainties being present on the impact of climate change on economies and societies. This is coupled with disagreements amongst the policy makes regarding priorities for action and the underlying assumptions. The decisions made today have consequences which can be seen in long term, and are also sensitive towards conditions of climate. This requires sound decision making and robust decisions to be made. Every nation has to find their own manner of dealing with the uncertainties, along with finding the best options for emissions reduction and low carbon growth[19].

The warming climatic system is expected to have a major impact over the basic necessity available and these necessities include food security, energy and freshwater. The efforts taken in context of redressing the climate change, through both mitigation and adaption similar shaped and informed the agenda of global development[20]. There are strong links between sustainable development and climate change[21]. The developing and poor nations, specifically the least developing nations are amongst the ones which are most likely to face the adverse effects of climate change, and would not be able to cope up with the anticipated shocks to their natural, social and economic systems[22].

The global political response towards the climate change was initiated in 1992 through the Rio Earth Summit, whereby the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted in the Rio Convention[23]. Through this convention, the framework of action which was aimed at stabilization of atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases was set out for avoiding the dangerous anthropogenic interferences with climate system. There is nearly a universal membership in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which came into force on March 21^st 1994 owing to its membership of one hundred and ninety seven parties[24]. The 21^st session of Conference of Parties was held in December 2015 in Paris, France, where the Paris Agreement was adopted, which is a universal agreement, aiming to keep the global temp from rising for this particular century way below 2 degree Celsius. This also comes with the aim of driving the efforts for limiting the temp rising to 1.5 degree Celsius over the pre-industrial levels[25].

The member states expressed their commitment towards protection of the planet from being degraded and for taking immediate and urgent actions on climate change in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Particularly paragraph 14 of this agenda identified the greatest challenges of the present time, along with the concerns regarding the adverse impact undermining the capability of all the nations in attaining sustainable development[26]. The low lying coasting nations, including majority of least developed nations, small island developing states, and coastal areas are seriously affected by the increased global temperature, ocean acidification, sea level rise, and the other climate changes. A majority of societies are at risk and face questions on survival, along with the same being true for the biological support systems of Earth[27].

The objectives of the Sustainable Development Goal 13 are to take immediate action for combating with the climate change and the impact of it. At the same time, there is a need to acknowledge the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as being the key intergovernmental and international forum for the negotiations to climate change’s global response[28]. The associated targets, more specifically of Sustainable Development Goal 13 are focused on climate change measures being integrated in the national policies, where there are improvements brought in education, raising awareness and in increasing the institutional capacity on mitigating with the climate change, along with its adaption, and improving the early warnings and impact reduction[29]. The alphabetical targets of Sustainable Development Goal 13 do call for commitment being implemented and undertaken at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and for promoting the mechanisms which can bring a rise in capacity of effective climate change related management and planning in the Small Island Developing States and the lease developed nations[30].  

The resultant documents of Rio+20 Conference, i.e. the Future we want, is based on climate change as being an urgent and inevitable challenge coupled with long term implications on all nations’ sustainable development[31]. This document covers the member states expressing their apprehensions regarding the constant rise in greenhouse gas emissions, and the nations’ vulnerability, specifically that of the developing nations, in context of facing the adverse impact of climate change. This has led to the member states calling out for widest cooperation, as well as, participation from all the nations in an appropriate and effective manner as being an international response towards climate change[32].

The largest companies of the world are working towards sustainable development and are working towards cutting down pollution as a means of contributing towards tackling the adverse effects of climate change. John Lewis brought forth product labelling scheme in order to assist the individuals in understanding the manner in which the energy efficient products could help the households in saving money. They were backed by the Department of Energy and Climate Change of UK, which allowed the consumers to find lifetime electricity running costs. When this scheme was launched, it was hoped that consumer awareness of energy running costs would be raised. CDP and PwC have reported that even with emissions rising, there are impressive changes being made by the businesses in their operations, where the goal is of saving the energy and of cutting the costs for consumers[33].

Apple, the technology giant, runs the data centres in US one hundred per cent renewable energy, where the company has attained 75% goal for its global corporate facilities. The company expects its numbers to be raised owing to the increase in capacity of clean energy. The planned renewable installations covered largest end user owned onsite solar photovoltaic array in US, along with the onsite 10MW fuel cell where the use of biogas is made. This would allow the company to produce energy for 17,600 homes in a single year. The next multinational, more precisely the global fast food chain, Burger King is also taking steps in this regard. Often chickens and cows are farmed at huge cost to environment. But Burger King has taken steps towards reducing its carbon footprint when it comes to the store level. There have been installations of efficient grills in restaurants, coupled with reduced gas consumptions. The franchisee opened upon a store in Germany in 2010 where it made use of 720 solar photovoltaic modules for supplying one third of its power. DHL, a global name, has switched to electronic vehicles for the delivery services of the company in Bonn and nearby areas, resulting in the city becoming carbon free vehicle concept’s first location in Germany. The goal of the company is to generate 30A% less carbon dioxide by 2020 for the services given by it[34].

The social media giant Facebook powers its data centre in Sweden with hydro electric energy. This is a hundred per cent renewable source of energy. Further, there is reliability in this supply allowing for the site being able to bring down the number of backup generators which were needed at the site and this in percentage terms is 70%.  The company made use of wind power for its Iowa centre. The tech giant Google had made investments of US $100 million in Flat wind farm of Shepherd in Oregon. The expectations was of generating energy for 235,000 homes, where the project has top class turbine technology which helps in increasing reliability, efficient and in ultimately lowering wind energy costs in the region. There are also commitments of company towards other solar and wind projects[35].

IKEA, the furniture retail giant, announced wind farm purchase which was located in Ireland for supply energy to Belfast and Dublin stores. This wind farm is set to generate energy equivalent to use of electricity for 5,500 houses on yearly basis. Nestlé is another big name which is using new technology and is giving out employee awareness training in it facility at Northern Spain for bringing down water use per tonne of products. This has been done by nearly 2/3^rds in a period of less than 12 months. The goal of the company is to further bring down the water withdrawal per tonne. Sainsbury’s brought forth the world’s first naturally refrigerated trailer for the purpose of transportation of frozen and chilled goods. This helps in reducing carbon footprint, and in this context, the company aims at converting its stores by 2030 to natural refrigeration. The third largest consumer goods company of world, Unilever, also has announced its work towards renewable chemicals as measure towards working towards saving climate, resulting in attainment of gaols of sustainable development[36].

Even though some companies are taking steps towards climate change, there are other companies which are polluting the environment, thereby ignoring climate change and needs of sustainable development. Even the companies which are taking steps towards climate change are on the other hand polluting the environment. For instance, it is claimed that the smartphone users are consuming a huge amount of data which contributes towards climate change. One tenth of the electricity of the world is consumed by digital economy. A single iPhone consumers even more energy than a refrigerator does owing to the high data use by the typical smartphone users. The key problem is due to the high consumption of data at alarming rates[37].

Despite the number of steps taken by different industries towards working towards making positive change in climate, the oil and gas industry continues to be infamous for its negative impact over the environment. Amongst the ten biggest climate polluters across the globe is Netherlands Shell, which is an oil and gas giant. Despite the fact being known for last thirty years that extraction of oil and gas causes dangerous climate changes, there continues to be investments being made in billions in search and developing of the new fossil fuels. With instances like fracking explorations, the campaign for climate justice has been enhanced. As a result of its acts, Shell has to face a lot of climate lawsuits as well, but the magnitude of damage caused to the environment often fails in being compensated from such lawsuits[38].

It has already been reported that a high number of industry giants of US are ignoring global warming[39]. It has also been reported that the top companies of Australia are also ignoring climate change[40]. As per estimates, the top firms of the world are causing environmental damages worth $2.2 trillion. More than half of these are blamed on emissions of greenhouse gasses which are a major cause of climate change. The other costs include the particulates in air caused due to local air pollution, pollution of freshwater and the damages owing to overuse of resources. The factors causing such damages include water abstractions, coal, dust and particles, acid rain and smog, waste, and nutrients and organic pollutants, coupled with greenhouse gasses and nuclear waste[41]. 

Conclusion

Thus, on the basis of the thorough discussion undertaken in the earlier segments, it can be concluded that a number of holistic measures have been adopted by different international organizations where the goal is of working towards attainment of gaols of sustainable development  and working towards climate change. The rate, at which the environment is depleting, has necessitated that the measures given through the different instruments in terms of Rio Declaration, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, amongst the other highlighted in the text. There are dedicated organizations working towards sustainable development and include IOSD and OED. The impact of climate change is expected to make the conditions of poverty even worse, along with having a major negative impact on the developing and poor nations. This makes it important to commit to the different instruments of sustainable development. The discussion highlighted the manner in which the companies are working towards sustainable development being furthered, and on the other hand, there are entire industries which are ignoring the environment protection measures. This results in the different measures adopted by international organizations towards sustainable development proving unsuccessful in attaining their desired purpose. This is despite the fact that there are high number of proactive measures taken to make the companies follow the measures of sustainable development and not doing so results in penalties being imposed. This requires constant efforts and an overhauling in approach of big polluting companies, whereby they are made to work towards climate change and toward sustainable development. Thus, enough measures adopted by international organizations towards sustainable development, these measures are not successful as these are avoided by the organizations.

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[1] E Holden, K Linnerud and D Banister, “The Imperatives of Sustainable Development”, Sustainable Development, vol. 25, 2016, 213-226.

[2] M C Segger, and A Khalfan, Sustainable Development Law: Principles, Practices and Prospects, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004.

[3] M Carley and I Christie, Managing Sustainable Development, London, Routledge, 2017.

[4] I Borowy, Defining Sustainable Development for Our Common Future: A History of the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission), Oxon, Routledge, 2013.

[5] H C Bugge, and C Voigt, Sustainable Development in International and National Law: What Did the Brundtland Report Do to Legal Thinking and Legal Development, and where Can We Go from Here?, Amsterdam, Europa Law Publishing, 2008.

[6] IOSD, ‘About IOSD,’ IOSD, 2018, https://www.iosd.org/ (accessed 12 May 2018).

[7] OECD, ‘About the OECD,’ OECD, 2018, https://www.oecd.org/about/ (accessed 12 May 2018).

[8] ACCIONA, ‘Sustainable Development,’ ACCION, 2018, https://www.acciona.com/sustainable-development/ (accessed 12 May 2018).

[9] R A Reck, Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Oxon, Linton Atlantic Books, 2010.

[10] D K Vajpeyi, Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Human Security: A Comparative Analysis, New York, Lexington Books, 2013.

[11] IPCC, ‘2.1.3 The dual relationship between climate change and Sustainable Development,’ IPCC, 2007, https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch2s2-1-3.html (accessed 12 May 2018).

[12] A Gurría, ‘Seminar on “Sustainable Development and Climate Change: International and National Perspectives”,’ OECD, 2008, https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/seminaronsustainabledevelopmentandclimatechangeinternationalandnationalperspectives.htm (accessed 12 May 2018).

[13] Ibid

[14] OECD, ‘OECD and the Sustainable Development Goals: Delivering on universal goals and targets,’ OECD, 2018, https://www.oecd.org/dac/sustainable-development-goals.htm (accessed 12 May 2018).

[15] OECD, ‘Green growth and sustainable development,’ OECD, 2018, https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/ (accessed 12 May 2018).

[16] OECD, ‘Development and Climate Change,’ OECD, 2018, https://www.oecd.org/env/cc/developmentandclimatechange.htm (accessed 12 May 2018).

[17] At 5

[18] IOSD, ‘Sustainable Development,’ IOSD, 2018, https://www.iosd.org/sustainable-climate/ (accessed 12 May 2018).

[19] R Kyte, ‘Climate Change Is a Challenge For Sustainable Development,’ The World Bank, 2014, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/speech/2014/01/15/climate-change-is-challenge-for-sustainable-development (accessed 12 May 2018).

[20] B. Osman-Elasha, ‘Climate change impacts, adaptation and links to sustainable development in Africa,’ FAO, 2007, https://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0670e/i0670e03.htm (accessed 12 May 2018).

[21] M H Fulekar, ‎B Pathak, and R K Kale, Environment and Sustainable Development, New York, Springer, 2013.

[22] United Nations, ‘Climate change,’ United Nations, 2018, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/climatechange (accessed 12 May 2018).

[23] P Chasek, and L M Wagner, The Roads from Rio: Lessons Learned from Twenty Years of Multilateral Environmental Negotiations, Oxon, Routledge, 2012.

[24] S Alam, ‎J H Bhuiyan, ‎and T M R Chowdhury, Routledge Handbook of International Environmental Law, Oxon, Routledge, 2013.

[25] Y Shi, Climate Change and International Shipping: The Regulatory Framework for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, The Netherlands, BRILL, 2016.

[26] D Klein, ‎M P Carazo, ‎and M Doelle, The Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Analysis and Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017.

[27] J Hong-sang, ‎and W Bin, Bridging Science And Policy Implication For Managing Climate Extremes, London, World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2017.

[28] F Dodds, ‎A D Donoghue, ‎and J L Roesch, Negotiating the Sustainable Development Goals: A transformational agenda for an insecure world, Oxon, Routledge, 2016.

[29] A Cherian, Energy and Global Climate Change: Bridging the Sustainable Development Divide, West Sussex, John Wiley & Sons, 2015.

[30] M C Segger, ‎and C G Weeramantry, Sustainable Development Principles in the Decisions of International Courts and Tribunals: 1992-2012, Oxon, Routledge, 2017.

[31] W L Filho, ‎A Úbelis, ‎and D B?rzi?a, Sustainable Development, Knowledge Society and Smart Future Manufacturing Technologies, New York, Springer, 2015.

[32] W Sweet, Climate Diplomacy from Rio to Paris: The Effort to Contain Global Warming, London Yale University Press, 2016.

[33] E King, ‘World’s 50 largest emitters ignoring climate risks – report,’ Climate Change News, 2013, https://www.climatechangenews.com/2013/09/12/worlds-50-largest-emitters-ignoring-climate-risks-report/ (accessed 12 May 2018).

[34] N Choudhury, ‘How are multinational corporations tackling climate change?,’ Climate Change News, 2013, https://www.climatechangenews.com/2013/09/12/how-are-multinational-corporations-tackling-climate-change/ (accessed 12 May 2018).

[35] Ibid

[36] Ibid

[37] Climate Change News, ‘Your iPhone uses more energy than a refridgerator,’ Climate Change News, 2013, https://www.climatechangenews.com/2013/08/16/your-iphone-uses-more-energy-than-a-refridgerator/ (accessed 12 May 2018).

[38] IMIESA, ‘Oil and gas giant faces legal action for ignoring climate change,’ IMIESA, 2018, https://www.infrastructurene.ws/2018/04/05/oil-and-gas-giant-faces-legal-action-for-ignoring-climate-change/ (accessed 12 May 2018).

[39] Environment News Service, ‘Many US Industry Giants Ignoring Global Warming,’ Rense, 2003, https://www.rense.com/general38/ig.htm (accessed 12 May 2018).

[40] J Vincent, ‘Australia’s top companies ignore climate change, and we let them,’ The Sydney Morning Herald, 2017, https://www.smh.com.au/business/markets/companies-ignore-climate-change-and-we-ve-let-them-get-away-with-it-20171208-p4yxjg.html (accessed 12 May 2018).

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